Eurasian dead
About 20-40 million, highly uncertain.
Darker cells mean a higher score for this topic on that metric.
Scale85
Intensity82
Duration70
Tech shift35
Political impact80
Cultural memory60
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Quick answers
Are the scores a ranking of nations or armies?
No. Scores are browsing aids inside an era-bounded atlas — not live league tables of countries.
How many died?
About 20-40 million is a commonly cited scholarly-range band across Eurasia, with very high uncertainty. Some local chronicle figures are impossible as censuses. Use ranges.
Did they "conquer the world"?
They built the largest contiguous land empire, then stopped or failed at Japan, the Mamluk Levant, and parts of Southeast Asia. Sea and desert edges mattered.
What was Baghdad 1258?
Hulagu's forces took the city and ended Abbasid caliphal rule there. Chronicle death figures are huge and disputed; the political shock is not.
How was Korea involved?
Mongol campaigns against Goryeo ran through the 1230s-50s. Later, Goryeo was forced to support Kublai's Japan expeditions of 1274 and 1281 -- a Korean tragedy inside a Japanese legend.
What is Pax Mongolica?
A later phrase for relative security on some overland routes in the mid-to-late thirteenth century. It does not cancel the conquest deaths.
The 20-40 million band is a confession of uncertainty. Some cities in Persian sources have numbers that cannot all be literal. The honest move is a range plus local studies.
Korea's cost was demographic, political, and naval -- years of campaign and levy.
Bands
Some city chronicles
Figures that cannot all be literal -- reported as claims.
Goryeo
Repeated campaigns and later levy -- a national demographic and political cost.
Deportations
Artisans moved as a form of loss for sending cities.
Later plague debate
Fourteenth-century mortality is a different file, sometimes wrongly dumped into 1240.
Regions
Mongolia / steppe
Political origin.
China
Jin, Song, Yuan -- the longest conquest.
Central Asia / Iran
Khwarezm to Ilkhanate.
Rus' / Eastern Europe
1240s shock and Horde tax.
Korea
War, submission, ship levy.
Japan / Levant edges
Failure and limit as geography.
Key numbers
Unification1206
Deaths (band)about 20-40 million
Baghdad1258
Japan fleets1274 and 1281
Makers
Steppe horse economy
The biological base of mobility.
Conquered workshops
Weapons and later ships as extracted industry.
Yuan bureaucracy
A Chinese-style machine on a conquest throne.
Goryeo shipyards
Forced makers of the Japan war.
Persian and Chinese chroniclers
The makers of the numbers we now distrust and use.
Later map publishers
The blob-makers of English memory.
Artisan deportations moved skills as well as suffering -- a cold economic fact in the sources.
Later plague arguments (fourteenth century) are a sequel hypothesis, not a thirteenth-century body count.