Графен — история, структура, свойства и применение

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2004 isolationYear

extreme in-planeK

Not a FR boardFire

Scotch-tape NobelIcon

Zero-gap semiconductorGap

advancedFamily

Графен is one of 32 materials in this atlas, grouped under advanced: history, structure, measured properties, process routes, uses, safety and market — not a product catalogue.

Scores compare Графен with the rest of the atlas on strength, heat, fire behaviour, insulation, workability and circularity. They are editorial, not certificates.

Seven chapters follow. Fire and insulation claims name test families (Euroclass, ASTM E84, ISO 5660, KS F) rather than inventing a single safety number.

Глубокое введение

Deep dive: Графен

Графен (C (honeycomb monolayer)) is a family of grades whose density areal mass ~0.77 mg/m², heat band 2-D stability is a lab story, and fire letter carbon; not a building product.

What “the material” actually is

Графен is sold as grades, not as a single substance. Chemistry C (honeycomb monolayer), density areal mass ~0.77 mg/m², heat band 2-D stability is a lab story.

This atlas treats Графен as a system: mill route, coatings, tests and the cavity it sits in.

Heat, fire and insulation

Conductivity note: ~3000–5000 W/m·K in-plane (theory/exp bands). Insulation score 18/100 is relative to 32 entries — metals lose, VIPs and aerogels win.

Fire letter in editorial use: carbon; not a building product. Do not equate A1 with “safe in a blaze” or E with “illegal”. Assemblies decide.

How it is made and used

Origin: Geim & Novoselov 2004, Manchester. The process chapter follows feedstock → conversion → forming → finish → install.

Uses span buildings to defence / safety. Pairings matter: carbon-fiber.

Market and circularity

Producers below are landmarks, not an endorsement ranking. Prices are bands, not live quotes.

Circularity mark 42/100. Ask which scrap, which certificate, which year.

Профиль

Прочность 90

Жаростойкость 88

Пожарные свойства 40

Теплоизоляция 18

Обрабатываемость 20

Цикличность 42

Семь глав

Истоки и вехи

From Geim & Novoselov 2004 to present: timeline, eras and three turning points for Графен.

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Структура и марки

Chemistry C (honeycomb monolayer), microstructure, grades and bonding for Графен.

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Измеренные свойства

Strength, heat, electrical behaviour and fire notes for Графен, with named test families.

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Как делают

Process steps, industrial routes, diagrams and hard limits for Графен.

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Применение и пары

Sectors, emblematic products and materials commonly specified with Графен.

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Безопасность и класс пожара

Hazards, fire-class language, environment and handling notes for Графен.

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Рынок и стоимость

Cost bands, producing regions, stats and landmark producers for Графен.

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Частые вопросы

Is Графен non-combustible?

Declared reaction class in this atlas: carbon; not a building product. Assemblies still need resistance tests.

Does Графен insulate?

Thermal mark 18/100 versus the atlas. Conductivity note: ~3000–5000 W/m·K in-plane (theory/exp bands).

What is the density band?

areal mass ~0.77 mg/m²

How is it made?

Origin story: Geim & Novoselov 2004 (Manchester).

Can it be recycled?

Circularity mark 42/100 — editorial, route-specific.

Typical melting or failure heat?

2-D stability is a lab story

What should it be paired with?

carbon-fiber: The bulk carbon fibre that already flies.

Where is it specified?

Buildings, transport, energy and consumer goods — see the uses chapter.

Иконы

Geim & Novoselov

United Kingdom · 2004

Geim & Novoselov is a reference point in the public image of Графен.

Scotch tape

United Kingdom · 2004

Scotch tape is a reference point in the public image of Графен.

CVD copper roll

Korea / US · 2010s

CVD copper roll is a reference point in the public image of Графен.

Графен oxide paper

Global · 2007–

Графен oxide paper is a reference point in the public image of Графен.

Hexagonal BN hetero

Global · 2010s

Hexagonal BN hetero is a reference point in the public image of Графен.

Manchester NGI

United Kingdom · 2015

Manchester NGI is a reference point in the public image of Графен.

Pencil graphite

Global · historic

Pencil graphite is a reference point in the public image of Графен.

Flagship logo era

EU · 2013–

Flagship logo era is a reference point in the public image of Графен.

Включайте и выключайте иконы — каждый столбец масштабируется к лидеру выбора.

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