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🔩Сталь

Железо–углерод зданий, судов и рельсов — бесконечно переплавляется.

Также называют: углеродистая сталь · structural steel · iron–carbon alloy

Сталь — Wikimedia lead image
ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih · CC BY-SA 4.0

Коротко о главном

7.85 g/cm³Density
1370–1530 °CMelting
~200 GPaE-modulus
Euroclass A1Fire
Highly recyclableLoop
metalsFamily

Сталь is one of 32 materials in this atlas, grouped under metals: history, structure, measured properties, process routes, uses, safety and market — not a product catalogue.

Scores compare Сталь with the rest of the atlas on strength, heat, fire behaviour, insulation, workability and circularity. They are editorial, not certificates.

Seven chapters follow. Fire and insulation claims name test families (Euroclass, ASTM E84, ISO 5660, KS F) rather than inventing a single safety number.

Глубокое введение

Deep dive: Сталь

Сталь (Fe–C (±Mn, Si, Cr…)) is a family of grades whose density 7.85 g/cm³, heat band 1370–1530 °C, and fire letter A1 as construction steel.

What “the material” actually is

Сталь is sold as grades, not as a single substance. Chemistry Fe–C (±Mn, Si, Cr…), density 7.85 g/cm³, heat band 1370–1530 °C.

This atlas treats Сталь as a system: mill route, coatings, tests and the cavity it sits in.

Heat, fire and insulation

Conductivity note: ~50 W/m·K. Insulation score 8/100 is relative to 32 entries — metals lose, VIPs and aerogels win.

Fire letter in editorial use: A1 as construction steel. Do not equate A1 with “safe in a blaze” or E with “illegal”. Assemblies decide.

How it is made and used

Origin: bloomery c. 1800 BCE / Bessemer 1856, Anatolia → Sheffield. The process chapter follows feedstock → conversion → forming → finish → install.

Uses span construction to packaging. Pairings matter: Concrete.

Market and circularity

Producers below are landmarks, not an endorsement ranking. Prices are bands, not live quotes.

Circularity mark 64/100. Ask which scrap, which certificate, which year.

Профиль

88728488064
Прочность 88
Жаростойкость 72
Пожарные свойства 84
Теплоизоляция 8
Обрабатываемость 80
Цикличность 64

Семь глав

Частые вопросы

Is steel non-combustible?
As a metal it is Euroclass A1, but it loses yield in fire and usually needs protection for a rated duration.
Сталь vs iron?
Сталь is iron with controlled carbon (typically <2%) and alloys; cast iron has more carbon and a different solidification path.
Does steel insulate?
No. Thermal conductivity is tens of W/m·K. Insulation is a separate layer (mineral wool, boards, VIP).
Why does steel rust?
Iron oxidises in the presence of water and oxygen. Alloys, zinc, paint or concrete cover slow that.
Is stainless “stainless” forever?
No. Chlorides, crevices and wrong grades pit. 304 vs 316 is a chemistry choice, not a slogan.
Can steel be recycled endlessly?
Magnetically, yes as a family. Copper contamination and coatings constrain some high-spec loops.
What is AHSS?
Advanced high-strength steels (dual-phase, TRIP, martensitic) used to lighten car bodies while keeping crash performance.
Green steel — real or label?
Hydrogen-DRI and high-scrap EAF cut process CO₂. Certificates vary; ask which route and which year.

Иконы

Bessemer converter

Bessemer converter

United Kingdom · 1856–

Bessemer converter is a reference point in the public image of Сталь.

2

Damascus / Wootz

India / Levant · antiquity

Damascus / Wootz is a reference point in the public image of Сталь.

3

POSCO Gwangyang

South Korea · 1987–

POSCO Gwangyang is a reference point in the public image of Сталь.

Cor-Ten weathering

Cor-Ten weathering

United States · 1933–

Cor-Ten weathering is a reference point in the public image of Сталь.

Dual-phase AHSS

Dual-phase AHSS

Global auto · 1970s–

Dual-phase AHSS is a reference point in the public image of Сталь.

Tamahagane tatara

Tamahagane tatara

Japan · traditional

Tamahagane tatara is a reference point in the public image of Сталь.

7

Sheffield crucible

United Kingdom · 1740–

Sheffield crucible is a reference point in the public image of Сталь.

Blast furnace

Blast furnace

Global · medieval–

Blast furnace is a reference point in the public image of Сталь.

Включайте и выключайте иконы — каждый столбец масштабируется к лидеру выбора.

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