Железо–углерод зданий, судов и рельсов — бесконечно переплавляется.
Также называют: углеродистая сталь · structural steel · iron–carbon alloy
ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih · CC BY-SA 4.0
Коротко о главном
7.85 g/cm³Density
1370–1530 °CMelting
~200 GPaE-modulus
Euroclass A1Fire
Highly recyclableLoop
metalsFamily
Сталь is one of 32 materials in this atlas, grouped under metals: history, structure, measured properties, process routes, uses, safety and market — not a product catalogue.
Scores compare Сталь with the rest of the atlas on strength, heat, fire behaviour, insulation, workability and circularity. They are editorial, not certificates.
Seven chapters follow. Fire and insulation claims name test families (Euroclass, ASTM E84, ISO 5660, KS F) rather than inventing a single safety number.
Глубокое введение
Deep dive: Сталь
Сталь (Fe–C (±Mn, Si, Cr…)) is a family of grades whose density 7.85 g/cm³, heat band 1370–1530 °C, and fire letter A1 as construction steel.
What “the material” actually is
Сталь is sold as grades, not as a single substance. Chemistry Fe–C (±Mn, Si, Cr…), density 7.85 g/cm³, heat band 1370–1530 °C.
This atlas treats Сталь as a system: mill route, coatings, tests and the cavity it sits in.
Heat, fire and insulation
Conductivity note: ~50 W/m·K. Insulation score 8/100 is relative to 32 entries — metals lose, VIPs and aerogels win.
Fire letter in editorial use: A1 as construction steel. Do not equate A1 with “safe in a blaze” or E with “illegal”. Assemblies decide.
How it is made and used
Origin: bloomery c. 1800 BCE / Bessemer 1856, Anatolia → Sheffield. The process chapter follows feedstock → conversion → forming → finish → install.
Uses span construction to packaging. Pairings matter: Concrete.
Market and circularity
Producers below are landmarks, not an endorsement ranking. Prices are bands, not live quotes.
Circularity mark 64/100. Ask which scrap, which certificate, which year.
Смежный атлас
Around Сталь
Related atlas entries, a short glossary, and three threads that keep Сталь honest.
См. также
🍴Нержавеющая стальChromium turns the same iron family into a passive film.
🥫АлюминийThe light alternative when density, not stiffness per volume, dominates.
🏎️УглеволокноWhere steel’s mass is the enemy and cost can be paid.
🏗️БетонThe compression partner that covers rebar from fire and weather.
Ключевые термины
BOF
Basic oxygen furnace: oxygen blown through hot metal to make steel.
EAF
Electric arc furnace: scrap (and DRI) melted with electricity.
HAZ
Heat-affected zone beside a weld, often the toughness bottleneck.
CEV
Carbon equivalent — predicts weld hardenability.
AHSS
Advanced high-strength steel family for auto crash structures.
TMCP
Thermo-mechanical controlled processing of plate.
Standards language
EN, ASTM, ISO, KS and JIS do not translate one-to-one. A Euroclass A1 batt is not an ASTM E84 report.
Name the year of the standard on drawings. Withdrawn methods keep showing up in old specs.
Labour and craft
Welders, spinners, plasterers, coaters and kiln masons are part of the material’s real properties.
DFT, moisture meters and compression of batts are quality tools, not bureaucracy.
Energy and waste
Primary Сталь carries process energy that recycling or bio-routes only sometimes beat.
Offcuts, red mud, slag, dust and used blowing agents are the unglamorous mass balance.