Стекло — история, структура, свойства и применение

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SiO2Network

Float 1959Process

A1; integrity ≠ insulationFire

~1 W/m·KK

Pilkington floatIcon

ceramicsFamily

Стекло is one of 32 materials in this atlas, grouped under ceramics: history, structure, measured properties, process routes, uses, safety and market — not a product catalogue.

Scores compare Стекло with the rest of the atlas on strength, heat, fire behaviour, insulation, workability and circularity. They are editorial, not certificates.

Seven chapters follow. Fire and insulation claims name test families (Euroclass, ASTM E84, ISO 5660, KS F) rather than inventing a single safety number.

Глубокое введение

Deep dive: Стекло

Стекло (SiO2–Na2O–CaO (typical soda-lime)) is a family of grades whose density ~2.5 g/cm³, heat band softens ~500–700 °C, and fire letter A1.

What “the material” actually is

Стекло is sold as grades, not as a single substance. Chemistry SiO2–Na2O–CaO (typical soda-lime), density ~2.5 g/cm³, heat band softens ~500–700 °C.

This atlas treats Стекло as a system: mill route, coatings, tests and the cavity it sits in.

Heat, fire and insulation

Conductivity note: ~1 W/m·K. Insulation score 28/100 is relative to 32 entries — metals lose, VIPs and aerogels win.

Fire letter in editorial use: A1. Do not equate A1 with “safe in a blaze” or E with “illegal”. Assemblies decide.

How it is made and used

Origin: Mesopotamia / Egypt; float 1959, Near East → St Helens. The process chapter follows feedstock → conversion → forming → finish → install.

Uses span buildings to defence / safety. Pairings matter: technical-ceramics.

Market and circularity

Producers below are landmarks, not an endorsement ranking. Prices are bands, not live quotes.

Circularity mark 70/100. Ask which scrap, which certificate, which year.

Профиль

Прочность 50

Жаростойкость 58

Пожарные свойства 88

Теплоизоляция 28

Обрабатываемость 55

Цикличность 70

Частые вопросы

Is Стекло non-combustible?

Declared reaction class in this atlas: A1. Assemblies still need resistance tests.

Does Стекло insulate?

Thermal mark 28/100 versus the atlas. Conductivity note: ~1 W/m·K.

What is the density band?

~2.5 g/cm³

How is it made?

Origin story: Mesopotamia / Egypt; float 1959 (Near East → St Helens).

Can it be recycled?

Circularity mark 70/100 — editorial, route-specific.

Typical melting or failure heat?

softens ~500–700 °C

What should it be paired with?

technical-ceramics: Crystalline cousins that do not flow like glass.

Where is it specified?

Buildings, transport, energy and consumer goods — see the uses chapter.

Иконы

Pilkington float

United Kingdom · 1959

Pilkington float is a reference point in the public image of Стекло.

Portland Vase

Italy · Roman

Portland Vase is a reference point in the public image of Стекло.

Crystal Palace

United Kingdom · 1851

Crystal Palace is a reference point in the public image of Стекло.

Owens machine

United States · 1903

Owens machine is a reference point in the public image of Стекло.

Low-e IGU

Global · 1980s–

Low-e IGU is a reference point in the public image of Стекло.

Gorilla Стекло

United States · 2007–

Gorilla Стекло is a reference point in the public image of Стекло.

Stained cathedral

Europe · medieval

Stained cathedral is a reference point in the public image of Стекло.

Стекло wool cousin

US / DE · 1930s–

Стекло wool cousin is a reference point in the public image of Стекло.

Включайте и выключайте иконы — каждый столбец масштабируется к лидеру выбора.

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