Buildings
Structure, lining, insulation or finish depending on family.
Графен earns its keep in systems: a beam, a batt, a fibre blend, a coated steel — rarely a lone coupon.
Products below are cultural landmarks as much as SKUs.
Отрасли
Transport
Mass, fire and fatigue rewrite the grade list.
Energy
Heat, voltage and hydrogen compatibility.
Consumer
The volume that pays for the mill.
Medical / food
When allowed — extractables and allergies matter.
Defence / safety
Ballistics, FR clothing, fire stops.
Изделия
Geim & Novoselov
2004
Scotch tape
2004
CVD copper roll
2010s
Графен oxide paper
2007–
Hexagonal BN hetero
2010s
Manchester NGI
2015
Pencil graphite
historic
Flagship logo era
2013–
Пары
carbon-fiber
The bulk carbon fibre that already flies.
aerogel
Another Nobel-adjacent material with clearer insulation math.
copper
The conductor graphene is supposed to beat in thin films.
perovskite
The other lab-to-fab energy material.
If the pairing is wrong, the material will be blamed for a system fault.
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