混凝土 is one of 32 materials in this atlas, grouped under ceramics: history, structure, measured properties, process routes, uses, safety and market — not a product catalogue.
Scores compare 混凝土 with the rest of the atlas on strength, heat, fire behaviour, insulation, workability and circularity. They are editorial, not certificates.
Seven chapters follow. Fire and insulation claims name test families (Euroclass, ASTM E84, ISO 5660, KS F) rather than inventing a single safety number.
深入阅读
混凝土 (C-S-H binder + aggregate) is a family of grades whose density ~2400 kg/m³, heat band does not melt; dehydrates and spalls, and fire letter A1.
混凝土 is sold as grades, not as a single substance. Chemistry C-S-H binder + aggregate, density ~2400 kg/m³, heat band does not melt; dehydrates and spalls.
This atlas treats 混凝土 as a system: mill route, coatings, tests and the cavity it sits in.
Conductivity note: ~1.4 W/m·K. Insulation score 22/100 is relative to 32 entries — metals lose, VIPs and aerogels win.
Fire letter in editorial use: A1. Do not equate A1 with “safe in a blaze” or E with “illegal”. Assemblies decide.
Origin: Roman pozzolana; Aspdin 1824; Hennebique RC, Rome → Leeds → Paris. The process chapter follows feedstock → conversion → forming → finish → install.
Uses span buildings to defence / safety. Pairings matter: steel.
Producers below are landmarks, not an endorsement ranking. Prices are bands, not live quotes.
Circularity mark 30/100. Ask which scrap, which certificate, which year.
Italy · 126 CE
Pantheon dome is a reference point in the public image of 混凝土.
United States · 1903
Ingalls Building is a reference point in the public image of 混凝土.
United States · 1936
Hoover Dam is a reference point in the public image of 混凝土.
UAE · 2010
Burj Khalifa mix is a reference point in the public image of 混凝土.
France · 1890s
Hennebique frame is a reference point in the public image of 混凝土.
Global · 1950s–
Brutalist béton is a reference point in the public image of 混凝土.
Global · 20th c.–
Shotcrete tunnel is a reference point in the public image of 混凝土.
Italy · antiquity
Roman marine is a reference point in the public image of 混凝土.
开关图标后，柱会按所选集合的领先者重新缩放。
同一家族、不同分数 — 选一场。
六轴上最近的邻居 — 强度、耐热、火灾、隔热、加工性、循环性。