玻璃 is one of 32 materials in this atlas, grouped under ceramics: history, structure, measured properties, process routes, uses, safety and market — not a product catalogue.
Scores compare 玻璃 with the rest of the atlas on strength, heat, fire behaviour, insulation, workability and circularity. They are editorial, not certificates.
Seven chapters follow. Fire and insulation claims name test families (Euroclass, ASTM E84, ISO 5660, KS F) rather than inventing a single safety number.
深入阅读
玻璃 (SiO2–Na2O–CaO (typical soda-lime)) is a family of grades whose density ~2.5 g/cm³, heat band softens ~500–700 °C, and fire letter A1.
玻璃 is sold as grades, not as a single substance. Chemistry SiO2–Na2O–CaO (typical soda-lime), density ~2.5 g/cm³, heat band softens ~500–700 °C.
This atlas treats 玻璃 as a system: mill route, coatings, tests and the cavity it sits in.
Conductivity note: ~1 W/m·K. Insulation score 28/100 is relative to 32 entries — metals lose, VIPs and aerogels win.
Fire letter in editorial use: A1. Do not equate A1 with “safe in a blaze” or E with “illegal”. Assemblies decide.
Origin: Mesopotamia / Egypt; float 1959, Near East → St Helens. The process chapter follows feedstock → conversion → forming → finish → install.
Uses span buildings to defence / safety. Pairings matter: technical-ceramics.
Producers below are landmarks, not an endorsement ranking. Prices are bands, not live quotes.
Circularity mark 70/100. Ask which scrap, which certificate, which year.
United Kingdom · 1959
Pilkington float is a reference point in the public image of 玻璃.
Italy · Roman
Portland Vase is a reference point in the public image of 玻璃.
United Kingdom · 1851
Crystal Palace is a reference point in the public image of 玻璃.
United States · 1903
Owens machine is a reference point in the public image of 玻璃.
Global · 1980s–
Low-e IGU is a reference point in the public image of 玻璃.
United States · 2007–
Gorilla 玻璃 is a reference point in the public image of 玻璃.
Europe · medieval
Stained cathedral is a reference point in the public image of 玻璃.
US / DE · 1930s–
玻璃 wool cousin is a reference point in the public image of 玻璃.
开关图标后，柱会按所选集合的领先者重新缩放。
同一家族、不同分数 — 选一场。
六轴上最近的邻居 — 强度、耐热、火灾、隔热、加工性、循环性。