The people below are a history set for multiple intelligences, diverse in country and gender, not a league table.
Years and countries are real. “Why” is a file label, not a rank. No group IQ story is licensed by any of these lives.
Exemplars
- Howard Gardner 1943– · United States
Proposed MI Frames of Mind (1983). Best read as a school taxonomy with philosophical criteria, not as eight thermometers.
- Lynn Waterhouse 1940s– · United States
2006 critique Argued MI had not met the evidence required of an intelligence theory.
- Beth A. Visser 1970s– · Canada
Measurement study With Ashton and Vernon, showed MI-styled tasks still organised by general and broad factors.
- Charles Spearman 1863–1945 · United Kingdom
Positive manifold The psychometric fact MI is often used to dodge.
- L. L. Thurstone 1887–1955 · United States
Primary Mental Abilities Earlier official pluralism inside factor analysis.
- Raymond Cattell 1905–1998 · United Kingdom / United States
Gf/Gc Hierarchical multiple abilities that still admit general variance.
- Robert Sternberg 1949– · United States
Triarchic model A different multi-part alternative, more test-oriented than Gardner.
- Jie-Qi Chen 1950s– · China / United States
Spectrum / early MI practice Classroom assessment work in the Project Zero orbit.
Multiple intelligences: eight lives, not a ranking. Read them as files, not as a hierarchy of peoples.