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Curling · Twenty kilograms of Scottish granite, a sheet of pebbled ice, and a game that is almost always decided by the final stone.

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Quick answers

Why do curlers sweep the ice in front of the stone?

Sweeping briefly melts the frozen droplets, called pebble, that cover a curling sheet, creating a microscopic film of water that reduces friction under the stone. Two things follow. The stone travels further, by several metres if it is swept hard for its whole journey, and it curls less, holding a straighter line. Sweepers are therefore correcting two errors at once: a shot thrown a little light can be carried to the target, and a shot drifting too wide can be kept straight. The skip watches from the house and calls when to sweep; the sweepers judge speed themselves, usually against a stopwatch time taken between the hog lines.

What is the hammer and why does everyone talk about it?

The hammer is the last stone of an end, and having it is worth roughly a point at elite level because you get to react to everything the opposition has already done. It is decided before the game by the last stone draw, where each team throws to the button and the closer average wins, and after that it goes to whichever team did not score in the previous end. That rule is the strategic heart of curling: scoring a single point with the hammer is often a bad outcome, because you hand last stone back for only one point. Teams would rather blank the end, keep the hammer, and try again for two.

Why does a curling stone curl?

Because it is released with a slow rotation, two or three turns over its whole 30-metre journey, and that rotation makes it drift sideways by about a metre. The strange part is the direction: a clockwise-rotating stone curls to the right, which is the opposite of what a spinning ball does on a table. Physicists have argued about the mechanism for decades, with competing explanations involving asymmetric friction at the front and back of the contact ring, and tiny scratches the stone leaves on the pebble that later stones follow. There is still no single accepted theory, which makes curling one of the few sports whose central phenomenon remains genuinely unexplained.

Are curlers actually athletes?

The delivery itself demands balance, flexibility and repeatable precision rather than power, but sweeping is straightforwardly hard physical work. A sweeper covers a couple of kilometres over a game while pushing down hard on a brush, in short bursts that drive the heart rate close to maximum. Elite teams train for that specifically, with gym programmes built around core stability, single-leg balance and upper-body endurance. The mental load is comparable to golf: every shot is planned, discussed and executed under a running clock, and a world championship is nine days of two-hour games where a centimetre decides the result.

What is mixed doubles and how does it differ?

Mixed doubles is a separate Olympic discipline played by two people, one of each gender, over eight ends instead of ten. Each team delivers five stones rather than eight, and one stone of each colour is placed on the ice before every end, one in the house and one as a guard, so six stones per team are in play. One player throws the first and last stone of the end, the other the middle three, and both sweep. Once per game a team may call a power play, shifting the pre-placed stones to one side of the sheet to open up a bigger score. It is faster, higher scoring and far more volatile than the four-player game.

Where do curling stones come from and why are they expensive?

Nearly all competition stones are cut from one of two granites: Blue Hone and Common Green from Ailsa Craig, an uninhabited islet in the Firth of Clyde, or a granite from the Trefor quarry in north Wales. Ailsa Craig rock is prized because it absorbs almost no water, so it does not crack when repeatedly frozen and thawed. The island is a bird sanctuary, so quarrying happens rarely and in bulk, with a 2,000-tonne harvest in 2013 and another in 2020, and Kays of Scotland has held exclusive rights for well over a century. A matched set of sixteen championship stones costs several thousand pounds but lasts for decades.

Start with this section - Competitions

Curling's competitive calendar has three layers. National championships run from autumn to late winter and decide who represents each country; the world championships in March and April decide the sport's annual champions; and the Grand Slam circuit runs alongside both as a professional tour with no national qualification at all. Every fourth year the Olympic tournament sits on top of the lot and quietly reorganises everyone's priorities.

The qualification structure is currently being rebuilt. The Pan Continental Championships, created in 2022 to merge the Pacific-Asia Championships with the Americas Challenge, ran for the last time in 2025 and is being replaced by new World Curling Championship B and C divisions from the 2026-27 season, giving every member association a single ladder to the top event.

Competitions

Olympic Winter Games curling tournament

Pinnacle event
Founded 1924Global

Contested at the very first Winter Games in Chamonix, where Great Britain won, though the IOC did not recognise those medals until 2006. After demonstration appearances in 1988 and 1992, curling returned as a full medal sport at Nagano 1998, and mixed doubles was added at PyeongChang 2018. Ten teams contest each of the three events through a single round robin, semifinals and a final. Canada leads the all-time medal table with 14, followed by Sweden with 13, and the tournament reliably draws the largest television audiences the sport ever sees.

World Men's Curling Championship

Annual world title
Founded 1959Global

Launched as the Scotch Cup in 1959, a Canada-versus-Scotland affair won by Ernie Richardson, and expanded through the Air Canada Silver Broom era into a full world event. Thirteen teams now play a nine-day round robin followed by qualification games, semifinals and a final. Canada dominated the first four decades and holds 36 titles, but has not won since 2017; Sweden claimed its 13th in 2026 through Niklas Edin, whose eighth personal title made him the most successful skip in the event's history.

World Women's Curling Championship

Annual world title
Founded 1979Global

First held in Perth, Scotland, and won by Switzerland, twenty years after the men's event began. It has been the most competitively balanced of curling's majors in the modern era: Canada leads with 19 titles, but Switzerland won four in a row from 2019 to 2023 through Silvana Tirinzoni and Alina Patz, Canada answered with Rachel Homan's back-to-back wins in 2024 and 2025, and Switzerland took it back in Calgary in 2026 with a 7-5 win over Canada.

European Curling Championships

Continental championship
Founded 1975Europe

The oldest continental championship and, for most of its history, the tournament that determined which European nations reached the worlds. It is contested in A, B and C divisions with promotion and relegation, so it doubles as the development ladder for smaller federations. Sweden's Niklas Edin holds the men's record with eight titles and Anette Norberg won seven on the women's side. Because it is held in November, it also functions as the season's first real test of new team line-ups.

Montana's Brier

Toughest national title
Founded 1927Canada

Canada's men's championship and, by most estimates, the hardest single tournament in curling, because the depth of the domestic field means several teams capable of winning a world title fail to qualify. It has run since 1927 and is the origin of much of the sport's culture and vocabulary. Its attendance record of 281,985, set in Edmonton in 2005, has never been approached by any other curling event. Brad Gushue holds the modern records with six titles and 23 appearances.

Scotties Tournament of Hearts

Toughest national title
Founded 1961Canada

Canada's women's championship, first contested in 1961 and rebranded with its current sponsor identity in the 1980s, when it became the most-watched women's curling event in the world. Provincial and territorial champions plus a defending Team Canada compete in pools and a page playoff, with the winner going to the world championship. Colleen Jones and Jennifer Jones share the record of six titles apiece; Rachel Homan has five and won 22 consecutive games at the event across 2024 and 2025.

Grand Slam of Curling

Professional tour
Founded 2001Canada and international

Created in 2001-02 when eighteen of Canada's leading men's teams boycotted the Brier to build a players' circuit, with a women's series added from 2006-07. Each event carries a purse of at least CAD 100,000 and invites the world's top-ranked teams regardless of nationality, which makes it the closest thing curling has to a global professional tour. The four original events, the Masters, Canadian Open, National and Players' Championship, are treated as majors; completing all four is a career Grand Slam.

World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship

World title, growth discipline
Founded 2008Global

The fastest-growing event in the sport, contested by two-player teams over eight ends with five stones each and pre-placed stones. Twenty nations reach the championship itself, but the qualification event has expanded rapidly, with a record 33 entries for the 2026 edition, up from a previous high of 29 in 2024. Because it requires only two athletes and less ice time, mixed doubles has become the main route by which smaller federations reach international competition, and Olympic inclusion since 2018 has accelerated that.

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