Combatant deaths
Tens of millions; Soviet and German military losses dominate European figures; China and Japan dominate Asian military counts.
About 70-85 million dead is the working scholarly band, not a precise census. Civilian shares were highest in China, the USSR, Poland and Yugoslavia.
Material cost included ruined cities (Warsaw, Stalingrad, Tokyo, Hamburg), lost shipping, and a leap in public debt that recast postwar welfare and tax states.
Bands
Civilian deaths
A majority of the 70-85 million band -- siege, massacre, famine, bombing and genocide.
Holocaust
About six million Jews murdered; other Nazi mass-murder programmes add millions more.
Displaced
Tens of millions of refugees and expellees in 1944-47, especially in Central Europe and East Asia.
Fiscal overhang
US, UK and dominion debt plus destroyed capital stock in Germany, Japan, the USSR and China.
Regions
Soviet Union
About 24-27 million dead, scholarly range; western oblasts destroyed; industry moved east.
China
About 15-20 million dead, wide scholarly range; Japanese occupation, famine and resumed civil war.
Central/Eastern Europe
Poland's Jewish community destroyed; Warsaw razed; borders shifted west in 1945.
Germany and Japan
Cities firebombed; occupation and demilitarisation; later economic recoveries under US protection.
British Empire/Commonwealth
Forces from India, Africa, Canada, Australia and New Zealand; home-front rationing and later decolonisation.
Korea
Liberated from Japan in 1945 into a split occupation that became two states and a 1950 war.
Key numbers
Deaths (range)about 70-85 million
European end8 May 1945
Asian end2 Sep 1945
UN Charter26 Jun 1945
Makers
US war industry
Willow Run, shipyards and the Manhattan Project -- production as a strategic fact.
Soviet relocation
Plants moved beyond the Urals in 1941-42 kept the Red Army supplied.
British/Commonwealth yards
Escorts, bombers and radar as survival tools in 1940-43.
German armaments
Late rationalisation under Speer; still short of oil and transport.
Japanese industry
Unable to replace merchant ships or secure fuel after 1944.
Occupied labour
Forced labour from Europe and Asia was part of Axis production -- a crime, not a footnote.
Famine in Bengal (1943), Greece and Vietnam (1944-45) belongs in the cost ledger beside battle deaths.
Displaced persons and ethnic cleansing in 1945-47 -- Poles, Germans, Indians in Southeast Asia -- were part of the war's bill, not a separate peacetime story.