Civil-war related dead
About 6-10 million across phases -- a wide band.
The 6-10 million band is wide because famine, massacre and battle overlap. Local studies (e.g. some 1947-48 campaigns) still move the totals.
Refugees to Taiwan and later to Hong Kong and the US are a demographic cost and a new politics.
Bands
1946-49 military
Hundreds of thousands to more than a million, depending on the study.
Refugees to Taiwan
About 1-2 million in the late-1940s withdrawal band.
Later campaigns
Tibet, the southwest, and suppression -- sometimes bundled, sometimes not.
Korean sequel dead
Counted on the Korean War page, caused in part by this victory.
Regions
Jiangxi / south
Early soviets and the March's start.
Yan'an / north
Wartime CCP core.
Manchuria
The 1948 decision space.
Yangtze cities
1949 political theatre.
Taiwan
The leftover state.
Korea 1950
The first foreign war of the new PLA/PVA.
Key numbers
PRC founding1 Oct 1949
Deaths (band)about 6-10 million
Main restart1946
Long March1934-35
Makers
Soviet aid / 1945 vacuum
A geopolitical workshop in the northeast.
US equipment pipeline
The KMT's industrial rear, insufficiently political.
CCP land cadres
The rural "makers" of allegiance.
Print and inflation
Money as a collapsing Nationalist institution.
Hong Kong watching post
A British-colonial observation deck for the war's end.
Later museums
PRC and Taiwan as rival makers of the story.
Land reform's violence is part of the revolutionary bill, argued over in later historiography.
KMT White Terror on Taiwan (228, 1947, and martial law) is a ROC after-cost of the lost mainland war.