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Quick answers
Is squash in the Olympics?
Yes, from 2028. The IOC session in Mumbai voted on October 16, 2023 to add squash to the Los Angeles 2028 programme, alongside cricket, baseball and softball, flag football and lacrosse. The programme is singles events for men and women. It ends a long campaign: squash bid unsuccessfully for the 2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024 Games, losing to golf and rugby sevens for 2016 and to reinstated wrestling for 2020. The consequences go well beyond one fortnight. In most countries, national sports funding is tied to Olympic status, so federations that operated on subscriptions and volunteers now qualify for state high-performance money, which is reshaping coaching and junior programmes worldwide.
How does squash scoring work?
Modern squash uses point-a-rally scoring, or PAR: every rally is worth a point regardless of who served. Games are played to 11, and at 10-10 play continues until someone leads by two. Matches are best of five games, with 90 seconds between games. There is only one serve — no second serve — so a fault loses the rally outright. This system replaced the old English scoring, in which only the server could score and games ran to nine; the men's professional tour switched in 2004 and the World Squash Federation extended PAR to every level from the 2008-09 season. The change shortened matches significantly and pushed players toward attacking earlier, since long defensive rallies now carry a real cost.
What is the difference between a let and a stroke?
Both concern interference, which is unavoidable when two players share one court. A let is a replayed rally with no point awarded: it is given when the opponent got in the way but made a genuine effort to clear, and the interfered player would have made a good return rather than a winning one. A stroke awards the point outright to the interfered player: it applies when the opponent did not make every effort to clear, when the striker's swing was blocked, when the ball would have hit the opponent on a direct path to the front wall, or when the striker would have hit a winner. If the striker could not have reached the ball anyway, or the interference was trivial, the referee calls no let and the appealing player loses the rally.
What do the coloured dots on a squash ball mean?
They indicate how much the ball bounces, which is really a measure of how much work you have to do. Blue and red dots are the liveliest and are made for beginners and cold courts, because the ball keeps bouncing without needing to be warmed up. A single yellow dot is slow, and the double yellow dot, standardized around 2000, is the extra-slow professional ball used in all serious competition. A double-yellow ball is almost dead when cold and must be warmed through several minutes of hard hitting before it plays properly, which is why matches begin with a five-minute knock-up. Beginners using a professional ball will find it simply does not bounce, which is the single most common reason people give up on squash.
Why is Egypt so dominant in squash?
Egypt has held roughly half of both the men's and women's world top tens through the 2020s, an unmatched concentration. The reasons are structural rather than mysterious. Egyptian sporting clubs in Cairo and Alexandria are family institutions with dense court provision, so children start young and play constantly. A coaching lineage runs from the pioneers through Amr Shabana and Ramy Ashour to today's academies, transmitting a distinctive attacking style built on deception, holds and front-court aggression. The domestic junior circuit is more competitive than most international ones. And there is a long history to build on: F.D. Amr Bey won five British Opens in the 1930s, so squash has been a prestige sport in Egypt for almost a century.
Is squash really the healthiest sport?
Forbes ranked squash first in its 2003 survey of the ten healthiest sports, scoring it on cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance, calorie burn, strength, flexibility and injury risk. The logic holds up: squash combines near-continuous movement with repeated high-intensity efforts, rapid direction changes and deep lunges, all inside a heated, enclosed space, so heart rates sit high for long stretches and calorie expenditure per hour is among the highest of any recreational sport. The caveats are real, though. The same lunging load makes knee, hip and Achilles injuries common, and the intensity is not gentle on an unconditioned cardiovascular system. Eye injuries from the ball and racket are the reason protective eyewear is mandatory for juniors in most federations.
Every squash tactic reduces to one currency: distance travelled. Because both players share the court and the ball always returns to the front wall, the player standing nearest the middle covers less ground for every shot than the player pinned in a corner. That middle spot — the T, where the short line crosses the half-court line — is the whole game. Rallies are not really exchanges of shots but a negotiation over who occupies it, and almost every named shot in squash exists either to keep the opponent away from the T or to win the rally outright once they have been dragged off it.
The two axes are length and width. Length means depth: driving the ball so it dies in a back corner, which is the safest way to buy time and force a weak reply. Width means the angle across the court, taking the ball away from the opponent's body and, in its perfect form, into the nick where the side wall meets the floor and the ball simply rolls out. Attacking shots — the boast, the drop, the trickle, the kill — are what you play once length and width have done their work. Playing them too early is the most common way to lose a squash match.
Tactics board
The T and the four corners
Length: the straight drive down the rail
The boast, the drop and the counter-drop
Width, the crosscourt and the volley intercept
Key concepts
Controlling the T
The single organizing principle of squash. The T is the point of minimum average distance to the four corners, so the player who returns to it after every shot travels less and arrives earlier. Control of the T is not static occupation — a player must clear the ball's path or concede a stroke — but a rhythm of hitting, moving back to the middle, holding a balanced ready position, and pushing out again. Coaches describe it as owning the middle third of the court while renting it out for a fraction of a second. Everything else follows: length exists to push the opponent behind the T, attacking shots exist to punish a player who has left it, and the whole physical economy of a match, sometimes several kilometres of movement across five games, is determined by how efficiently a player returns there.
Length
Length is depth, and it is the foundation shot of the sport. A good length lands behind the service box and dies in the back corner, forcing the opponent to play from a cramped position with the back wall behind them and no room for a full swing. It buys the striker time to reach the T and it removes the opponent's attacking options, since almost nothing dangerous can be hit from a ball dying two feet off the back wall. Length is controlled by height on the front wall rather than power: professionals hit a large proportion of their drives well above the cut line, trading pace for accuracy. The classic error at club level is hitting hard and short, which returns off the back wall into the middle and hands the opponent an easy attacking ball.
Width
Width is the lateral dimension, and it decides whether a crosscourt is a weapon or a mistake. A crosscourt with insufficient width passes within a racket's reach of the player on the T and is volleyed away; correct width takes the ball past them so it strikes the far side wall behind their position and continues deep. The perfect outcome is the side-wall nick, where ball meets the junction of wall and floor and rolls out unplayable. Straight shots have their own width problem in reverse: a rail that touches the side wall too early bounces back toward the middle, while one hit too tight clings and dies. Elite players talk about hitting into a corridor a few centimetres wide, and the difference between a winning length and a loose ball is often exactly that.
The boast
A boast sends the ball into a side wall before the front wall, changing its direction dramatically. The two-wall or trickle boast is played from the front as an attacking surprise; the standard boast from a back corner is defensive, an escape from a ball that cannot be driven straight. Its virtue is the distance it forces on the opponent, diagonally from back to opposite front. Its cost is that the striker must move through or behind the ball, surrendering the T, which is why a boast is usually an invitation to be attacked. The reverse boast, hit across the body into the far side wall, is a spectacular low-percentage variant used mainly to catch a player leaning. Reducing the number of boasts you are forced to play is a standard measure of improvement.
The drop and the counter-drop
The drop is squash's finishing shot: a soft, low ball dying just above the tin in a front corner, ideally with enough side-wall contact to kill its bounce. It works only when the opponent is behind the T, which is why the sequence of length first, drop second is the sport's basic grammar. Because the tin is only 0.48 metres high — and 0.43 in most men's professional events — the margin is tiny, and a drop hit half a centimetre low simply loses the rally. The counter-drop is the reply from a player who arrives in time: rather than lifting the ball to length, they kill it back into the same corner, punishing an opponent who is still travelling forward. Front-court exchanges of drop and counter-drop are among the most technically demanding sequences in the game.
Volleying
Taking the ball out of the air is the primary way to steal time. A volley cuts perhaps a second from the rally cycle, denies the opponent their recovery to the T, and lets the striker attack from a higher contact point closer to the front wall. Volleying is the reason elite players stand so close to the T and so upright: they are hunting for the ball before it drops. It is also the main defence against crosscourts, since a narrow crosscourt is volleyed straight for a winning length. The counter-measure is the lob — hitting high and slow over the opponent's reach into a back corner — which is why the modern professional game features far more high, slow balls than casual viewers expect.
Deception and holding
Because squash is played in a confined space, the opponent must commit to moving before the ball is struck. Holding the shot — arriving early, freezing the racket at the top of the swing and delaying contact — forces that commitment and then punishes it. The classic Egyptian variant is the hold-and-flick, where an identical preparation produces either a drop or a drive to length, and the great practitioners, from Ramy Ashour to Nour El Sherbini, make both look identical until the last instant. Deception is expensive: it requires arriving at the ball with time to spare, which requires fitness and anticipation. It is also the shot-making counterweight to attrition, and the lowered professional tin has made it more rewarding by increasing the payoff for a successful disguise.
Pace and temperature control
The double-yellow-dot ball behaves completely differently cold and warm, and managing that is a genuine tactic. Hard, continuous hitting keeps it hot and bouncy, which favours a player who wants long rallies and balls coming off the back wall; slow, high, soft play cools it, which makes drops die faster and rewards the attacker. Players deliberately choose a tempo to suit their strengths and to disrupt the opponent's rhythm, and referees police time-wasting partly because letting the ball cool is a real competitive advantage. Changing pace within a rally — three hard lengths then a sudden slow lob — is one of the most effective ways to break an opponent's movement pattern without hitting a low-percentage winner.
Movement, the lunge and recovery
Squash movement is a repeating cycle: split step as the opponent strikes, a turn and one or two long strides, a deep lunge onto the front leg with the racket arm extended, then an explosive push back toward the T. Elite players complete this loop every two to three seconds for stretches of ten minutes or more. The lunge is the signature and the injury risk, loading the front knee and hip through a huge range, which is why professional conditioning centres on eccentric strength, hip mobility and ankle stability. Jonah Barrington's 1960s training revolution rested on the insight that in a shared court the fitter player eventually receives loose balls for free, and that logic has never been overturned — conditioning remains the sport's rawest competitive edge.
How it evolved
The tactical history of squash tracks its scoring system. Under the old English hand-in hand-out rules, in which only the server could score and games went to nine, there was no penalty for an endless rally; the correct strategy was to hit unbreakable length and wait for a mistake, and matches at the top of the game became attritional standoffs that could last two hours. Point-a-rally scoring to 11, adopted by the men's professional tour in 2004 and universally from 2008-09, reversed that calculus overnight — every rally now costs a point, so extending one indefinitely is expensive. Lowering the tin to 17 inches for most men's professional events pushed the same way, raising the reward for a successful drop or kill. The result is a modern professional game that is markedly more attacking, with more volleys, more short balls and shorter average rallies than the Khan era.
Technology and interpretation have shifted the rest. Wooden rackets weighing well over 200 grams gave way to graphite and composite frames near the 255-gram limit, allowing far higher racket-head speed and making the aggressive volley routine. The rewritten interference rules of 2019, and the three-referee voting system, penalize speculative appeals and reward players who keep the ball in play, which has visibly reduced the stop-start refereeing that once made squash hard to broadcast. Egypt's dominance has fed back into style: deception, holds and early attacks from the front court are now the default professional template, and the counter-argument from players such as Paul Coll and Diego Elias is a return to extreme physical retrieval and heavy length. As at every point in the sport's history, the pendulum sits between the shot and the sprint.
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