🎓AI与未来

At research universities, almost always: the doctorate is the profession's baseline credential in nearly every country. The main exceptions are professors of practice — distinguished judges, architects, artists or executives appointed to teach their craft — and some conservatoire and fine-arts traditions where a professional reputation substitutes for a doctorate. German-speaking systems historically demanded even more: a second, post-doctoral thesis called the Habilitation.

Typically ten to fifteen years after secondary school: a bachelor's degree of three to four years, a doctorate of four to seven, then two to six years of postdoctoral or fixed-term posts before a first permanent appointment. Tenure or an equivalent permanent status usually arrives in a candidate's mid-to-late thirties, and in German-speaking and some Asian systems often later still.

Tenure is an indefinite appointment that can be revoked only for serious cause, designed to protect scholars who publish unpopular findings. The American standard was set by the AAUP's 1940 Statement of Principles, typically after a six-year probation and an up-or-out review. Other systems protect professors differently: German professors are civil servants, while the UK abolished formal tenure in its 1988 Education Reform Act.

In the North American system they are career ranks: assistant professors are on probation for tenure, associate professors have usually just earned it, and full professors have passed a second promotion review. In the UK and much of the Commonwealth, the ladder runs lecturer, senior lecturer, reader, professor — so "professor" there means only the top rank, not any university teacher.

It varies more by country and rank than most people expect. US full professors averaged roughly $150,000–$170,000 in 2024, with Swiss chairs among the world's best paid at over CHF 200,000; UK professors typically earn £75,000–£100,000, and Indian government-university professors around ₹25–35 lakh. At the other pole, US adjuncts teaching per course commonly receive only $3,000–$4,000 per class.

It depends entirely on the institution. A research-university post is nominally split roughly 40 percent research, 40 percent teaching and 20 percent service, though grant deadlines routinely bend that. Teaching-focused institutions can assign four or more courses per term, leaving research to evenings. Faculty time-use surveys in several countries consistently report total working weeks of fifty hours or more across both kinds of job.