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🔥Methods

Pain · A protective percept built from nociception, context and prediction.

Reviewed 2026-08·Sources & research·Media credits

Santiago Ramón y Cajal
PainOriginal photo is anonymous although published by Clark University in 1899. Restoration by Garrondo · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

How science studies Pain: tools, protocols and hard limits.

Triangulation across methods is the norm.

Tools

Tool 1

A tool used to study protective sensory gain.

Tool 2

A tool used to study protective sensory gain.

Tool 3

A tool used to study protective sensory gain.

Tool 4

A tool used to study protective sensory gain.

Tool 5

A tool used to study protective sensory gain.

Tool 6

A tool used to study protective sensory gain.

Protocols

Protocol 1

A common protocol around Pain.

Protocol 2

A common protocol around Pain.

Protocol 3

A common protocol around Pain.

Protocol 4

A common protocol around Pain.

Limits

Limit 1

A known inference limit for protective sensory gain.

Limit 2

A known inference limit for protective sensory gain.

Limit 3

A known inference limit for protective sensory gain.

Pair with Methods-field topics (fMRI, EEG, MEG, DTI…).

Sources & research

  1. Pain mechanisms: a new theoryMelzack R; Wall PD · 1965 · ScienceDOIPubMed
  2. Neurobiology of painBasbaum AI; et al. · 2009 · CellDOIPubMed
  3. Chronic pain as a disease of the brainApkarian AV; Baliki MN; Geha PY · 2009 · NeuroscientistDOI

Media credits

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