Empty can test
Resisting downward pressure with the arm raised and rotated inward tests the strength and integrity of the supraspinatus tendon.
Shoulder assessment typically begins with observation of posture and scapular positioning, followed by active and passive range of motion testing to identify patterns of restriction or pain.
A battery of special tests then helps localize symptoms to specific rotator cuff tendons, the labrum, or the acromioclavicular joint, though no single test is considered definitive on its own.
Assessment tests
Neer and Hawkins-Kennedy tests
Passive positioning of the arm to compress structures beneath the acromion helps identify pain patterns consistent with subacromial impingement.
Apprehension and relocation test
Positioning the arm in abduction and external rotation while watching for a sense of apprehension helps identify anterior shoulder instability.
Lift-off and belly-press tests
These tests evaluate the strength of internal rotation to screen for subscapularis tendon involvement.
Passive range-of-motion screen
Comparing passive motion to active motion and to the opposite side helps identify capsular tightness characteristic of conditions like frozen shoulder.
Red flags
These warrant prompt clinical review rather than unsupervised exercise progression.
Sudden, complete loss of motion after trauma
An inability to move the arm following a fall or collision raises concern for fracture or dislocation and should be evaluated urgently.
Visible deformity
An obvious change in the shoulder's contour after injury may indicate a dislocation or significant fracture requiring prompt medical attention.
Numbness or weakness spreading down the arm
Neurological symptoms extending beyond the shoulder can indicate nerve involvement, such as from the brachial plexus, and warrant further evaluation.
Fever or signs of infection at the joint
Warmth, redness, and fever around the shoulder raise concern for septic arthritis, a medical emergency requiring urgent care.
Combining these tests with imaging when indicated allows clinicians to distinguish tendinopathy, tears, instability, and capsular conditions, each of which follows a different management pathway.
Keep exploring
More in Upper limb
Elbow
The elbow's hinge-and-rotation design lets the forearm bend and turn simultaneously, but this dual role concentrates repetitive stress on a small set of tendons.
Pain frequency 45Wrist & Hand
The wrist and hand pack more small joints, tendons, and nerves into a small space than almost any other body region, enabling fine motor control at the cost of frequent overuse injury.
Pain frequency 55