Each new class bought time. Each time, use in clinics and farms started the clock on resistance.
Policy arrived late: a global action plan in 2015, a famous economic review in 2016, a pathogen priority list in 2017.
Timeline
Fleming sees a mould zone on staphylococci; a medicine arrives only after 1940s production.
Fleming tells the public that careless use will select resistant microbes.
Resistance to methicillin appears in S. aureus within a few years of the drug.
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases begin to empty the cephalosporin cupboard in hospitals.
A carbapenemase later named NDM-1 shows how travel and hospitals can move last-line failure genes.
Member states endorse a five-pillar plan: awareness, surveillance, sanitation, stewardship, research.
An economic report popularizes huge future death and GDP figures to jolt governments.
WHO publishes a list to steer research toward the worst drug–bug gaps.
The timeline is about noticing a shared budget, not about how to breed resistant cells.
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