SiO2–Na2O–CaO (typical soda-lime)
ChemistryСтекло is specified as SiO2–Na2O–CaO (typical soda-lime). Density band ~2.5 g/cm³.
What holds Стекло together is not the nickname. Formula SiO2–Na2O–CaO (typical soda-lime), density ~2.5 g/cm³.
Meters are atlas-relative. Grades are the SKUs buyers write.
Фазы
Microstructure
OrderProcessing sets grain, crystallinity or fibre orientation — the reason two lots of Стекло can test differently.
Interfaces
SurfacesCoatings, oxide films, sizings or paper faces often decide weather and fire behaviour more than the bulk brochure.
Defects
FlawsInclusions, voids, knots, pinholes or residual stress start the failures that mill certificates do not list.
Grades
VariantsСтекло is a family. Grade names below are the ones buyers actually write on RFQs.
Ageing
TimeMoisture, UV, creep, hydrogen or carbonation shift properties in service. Design to the aged state.
Относительные шкалы
Strength50
Strength is an editorial 0–100 mark relative to the other 31 materials in this atlas — not a laboratory certificate.
Heat envelope58
Heat envelope is an editorial 0–100 mark relative to the other 31 materials in this atlas — not a laboratory certificate.
Fire behaviour88
Fire behaviour is an editorial 0–100 mark relative to the other 31 materials in this atlas — not a laboratory certificate.
Insulation28
Insulation is an editorial 0–100 mark relative to the other 31 materials in this atlas — not a laboratory certificate.
Workability55
Workability is an editorial 0–100 mark relative to the other 31 materials in this atlas — not a laboratory certificate.
Circularity70
Circularity is an editorial 0–100 mark relative to the other 31 materials in this atlas — not a laboratory certificate.
Марки
Soda-lime float
Windows, mirrors.Windows, mirrors.
Tempered
Safety doors.Safety doors.
Laminated PVB
Overhead / hurricane.Overhead / hurricane.
Borosilicate
Lab and cookware.Lab and cookware.
Fire-rated
Integrity / insulation glasses.Integrity / insulation glasses.
Связи
Primary bonding
Стекло holds together by ionic/covalent networks.
Secondary forces
Hydrogen bonds, van der Waals stacks or grain-boundary cohesion set toughness and moisture uptake.
Composites & fills
Fillers, fibres, plasticisers or aggregates are part of the real product, not impurities.
Environment film
Oxides, chars, sizings or paints are the layer the world actually meets.
Change the grade, the coating or the moisture and you have a different material with the same English name.