Grafeno — história, estrutura, propriedades e usos

Fatos rápidos

2004 isolationYear

extreme in-planeK

Not a FR boardFire

Scotch-tape NobelIcon

Zero-gap semiconductorGap

advancedFamily

Grafeno is one of 32 materials in this atlas, grouped under advanced: history, structure, measured properties, process routes, uses, safety and market — not a product catalogue.

Scores compare Grafeno with the rest of the atlas on strength, heat, fire behaviour, insulation, workability and circularity. They are editorial, not certificates.

Seven chapters follow. Fire and insulation claims name test families (Euroclass, ASTM E84, ISO 5660, KS F) rather than inventing a single safety number.

Introdução profunda

Deep dive: Grafeno

Grafeno (C (honeycomb monolayer)) is a family of grades whose density areal mass ~0.77 mg/m², heat band 2-D stability is a lab story, and fire letter carbon; not a building product.

What “the material” actually is

Grafeno is sold as grades, not as a single substance. Chemistry C (honeycomb monolayer), density areal mass ~0.77 mg/m², heat band 2-D stability is a lab story.

This atlas treats Grafeno as a system: mill route, coatings, tests and the cavity it sits in.

Heat, fire and insulation

Conductivity note: ~3000–5000 W/m·K in-plane (theory/exp bands). Insulation score 18/100 is relative to 32 entries — metals lose, VIPs and aerogels win.

Fire letter in editorial use: carbon; not a building product. Do not equate A1 with “safe in a blaze” or E with “illegal”. Assemblies decide.

How it is made and used

Origin: Geim & Novoselov 2004, Manchester. The process chapter follows feedstock → conversion → forming → finish → install.

Uses span buildings to defence / safety. Pairings matter: carbon-fiber.

Market and circularity

Producers below are landmarks, not an endorsement ranking. Prices are bands, not live quotes.

Circularity mark 42/100. Ask which scrap, which certificate, which year.

Perfil

Resistência 90

Resistência ao calor 88

Desempenho ao fogo 40

Isolamento 18

Trabalhabilidade 20

Circularidade 42

Sete capítulos

Origens e marcos

From Geim & Novoselov 2004 to present: timeline, eras and three turning points for Grafeno.

Ler →

Estrutura e graus

Chemistry C (honeycomb monolayer), microstructure, grades and bonding for Grafeno.

Ler →

Propriedades medidas

Strength, heat, electrical behaviour and fire notes for Grafeno, with named test families.

Ler →

Como se fabrica

Process steps, industrial routes, diagrams and hard limits for Grafeno.

Ler →

Usos e pares

Sectors, emblematic products and materials commonly specified with Grafeno.

Ler →

Segurança e classe de fogo

Hazards, fire-class language, environment and handling notes for Grafeno.

Ler →

Mercado e custo

Cost bands, producing regions, stats and landmark producers for Grafeno.

Ler →

Perguntas frequentes

Is Grafeno non-combustible?

Declared reaction class in this atlas: carbon; not a building product. Assemblies still need resistance tests.

Does Grafeno insulate?

Thermal mark 18/100 versus the atlas. Conductivity note: ~3000–5000 W/m·K in-plane (theory/exp bands).

What is the density band?

areal mass ~0.77 mg/m²

How is it made?

Origin story: Geim & Novoselov 2004 (Manchester).

Can it be recycled?

Circularity mark 42/100 — editorial, route-specific.

Typical melting or failure heat?

2-D stability is a lab story

What should it be paired with?

carbon-fiber: The bulk carbon fibre that already flies.

Where is it specified?

Buildings, transport, energy and consumer goods — see the uses chapter.

Ícones

Geim & Novoselov

United Kingdom · 2004

Geim & Novoselov is a reference point in the public image of Grafeno.

Scotch tape

United Kingdom · 2004

Scotch tape is a reference point in the public image of Grafeno.

CVD copper roll

Korea / US · 2010s

CVD copper roll is a reference point in the public image of Grafeno.

Grafeno oxide paper

Global · 2007–

Grafeno oxide paper is a reference point in the public image of Grafeno.

Hexagonal BN hetero

Global · 2010s

Hexagonal BN hetero is a reference point in the public image of Grafeno.

Manchester NGI

United Kingdom · 2015

Manchester NGI is a reference point in the public image of Grafeno.

Pencil graphite

Global · historic

Pencil graphite is a reference point in the public image of Grafeno.

Flagship logo era

EU · 2013–

Flagship logo era is a reference point in the public image of Grafeno.

Ligue ou desligue ícones — cada barra reescala para o líder da sua seleção.

5 / 8

Confrontos

Mesma família, outras notas — escolha um duelo.

🏎️

Grafeno vs Fibra de carbono

Cara a cara →

Materiais semelhantes

Vizinhos mais próximos nos seis eixos do atlas.

🏎️

Mais em Sólidos avançados

🏎️

⬡Grafeno

Fatos rápidos