For a century, traveling public lecturers were how much of small-town America met ideas: the lyceum movement, founded in 1826, and its Chautauqua successors booked speakers into thousands of towns. Ralph Waldo Emerson made much of his living giving well over a thousand lyceum lectures; Frederick Douglass and Mark Twain worked the same circuits. Radio and cinema took the audience in the 1920s and 30s, and the itinerant lecture hall folded into broadcast media and, eventually, the recorded university lecture.
Lyceum circuit lecturer已不复存在。这里整理是什么消灭了它，以及哪个职业接手了那份工作。
1500 – 1810
Print, royal chairs and sleepy colleges
Printing broke the professor's monopoly on the text, and endowed chairs tied scholarship to patrons — Henry VIII founded the Regius professorships in 1540, and Isaac Newton held Cambridge's Lucasian chair from 1669. Yet much of the era's live science happened outside the universities, in academies like the Royal Society, while the colleges drowsed: Adam Smith wrote in 1776 that Oxford's professors had "given up altogether even the pretence of teaching." The title carried status; the job had lost its edge.
当时还发生了什么
1810
Humboldt invents the research professor
The new University of Berlin, shaped by Wilhelm von Humboldt, redefined the job: a professor should produce original knowledge, not merely transmit the inherited stock, and teach students through research itself. The German model — the seminar, the laboratory, the doctorate, the freedom to teach and to learn — became the template the whole world copied.
1876
Johns Hopkins imports the model to America
Founded with a railroad merchant's bequest, Johns Hopkins University was built explicitly on the German pattern: graduate seminars, laboratories and the PhD at the center of the enterprise. Yale had awarded America's first PhD in 1861, but Hopkins made research the organizing purpose of a university, and the American research university spread from there.
1915
The AAUP defines academic freedom
After a string of professors were fired for their views — most famously economist Edward Ross, forced out of Stanford in 1900 at the insistence of the university's founding donor — philosophers John Dewey and Arthur Lovejoy founded the American Association of University Professors. Its 1915 Declaration of Principles made academic freedom and tenure the profession's explicit standard.
1944
The GI Bill floods the campus
The US Servicemen's Readjustment Act sent some 2.2 million veterans to college; by 1947 veterans were roughly half of all US college admissions. Mass higher education — and the mass hiring of professors to teach it — dates from this law and its imitators, as postwar governments worldwide treated university expansion as national policy.