On ocean crossings, a dedicated navigator shot the sun and stars with a sextant through a transparent astrodome in the cabin roof, fixing the aircraft's position the way ship's officers had for centuries — Pan American's flying boats could not have crossed the Pacific without one. Inertial navigation systems, carried on the Boeing 747 from 1970, computed position continuously with no windows needed, and airlines retired their last navigators around the early 1980s; GPS finished the argument.
Flight navigator已不复存在。这里整理是什么消灭了它，以及哪个职业接手了那份工作。
1783–1903
Balloonists and glider men
For 120 years humans flew but could barely steer. Balloons crossed the English Channel as early as 1785, and France fielded the first military observation balloons at the Battle of Fleurus in 1794, but the wind chose the destination. The German engineer Otto Lilienthal made some 2,000 glides from an artificial hill near Berlin in the 1890s, publishing lift data the Wright brothers later built on; he died in a 1896 gliding crash, reportedly saying "sacrifices must be made." The pilot's core problem — control — was posed in this era and solved only at its very end.
当时还发生了什么
1903
The Wrights fly at Kill Devil Hills
On 17 December 1903, Orville Wright flew the Wright Flyer for 12 seconds and about 37 metres over North Carolina sand, with five witnesses present; Wilbur's fourth flight that morning covered 260 metres in 59 seconds. Their real breakthrough was not power but control — a machine that could be steered in three axes — which is what made "pilot" a possible occupation.
1909
Blériot crosses the Channel; licences begin
Louis Blériot flew his Type XI monoplane from Calais to Dover in about 37 minutes on 25 July 1909, winning the Daily Mail's £1,000 prize and proving aircraft could cross national borders. The same year the Aéro-Club de France began issuing the world's first pilot licences; the first batch was listed alphabetically, which put Blériot's name at No. 1.
1914
The first scheduled airline flight
On 1 January 1914, Tony Jannus flew a Benoist flying boat 23 minutes across Tampa Bay for the St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line — the world's first scheduled airline service. The first ticket was auctioned for $400 to former St. Petersburg mayor Abram Pheil; the airline flew for only a few months, but the job of airline pilot dates from it.
1919
The Atlantic falls; airlines take root
In June 1919 John Alcock and Arthur Brown flew a converted Vickers Vimy bomber nonstop from Newfoundland to Ireland in about 16 hours, ending nose-down in a Connemara bog. The same year sustained daily international service began between London and Paris, and KLM was founded — the oldest airline still flying under its original name.
那份工作如今在哪里
The professional flyer who turns weather, machinery and 200 lives into a routine arrival — a craft rebuilt after every crash that taught it something.
✈️ Pilot →