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Learning · How practice, prediction and reward reshape circuits over time.

Reviewed 2026-08·Sources & research·Media credits

Santiago Ramón y Cajal
LearningOriginal photo is anonymous although published by Clark University in 1899. Restoration by Garrondo · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

People who shaped how we talk about Learning.

Eight voices span anatomy, clinic, computation and culture.

People

01 Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Santiago Ramón y Cajal

1852–1934 · Spain

Neuron doctrine

Santiago Ramón y Cajal shaped discourse on encoding change through practice relevant to Learning.

02 Rita Levi-Montalcini

Rita Levi-Montalcini

1909–2012 · Italy

Nerve growth factor

Rita Levi-Montalcini shaped discourse on encoding change through practice relevant to Learning.

03

John O'Keefe

b. 1939 · US/UK

Place cells

John O'Keefe shaped discourse on encoding change through practice relevant to Learning.

04 Eric Kandel

Eric Kandel

b. 1929 · Austria/US

Cellular learning

Eric Kandel shaped discourse on encoding change through practice relevant to Learning.

05 Wilder Penfield

Wilder Penfield

1891–1976 · Canada

Cortical maps

Wilder Penfield shaped discourse on encoding change through practice relevant to Learning.

06 David Hubel

David Hubel

1926–2013 · Canada/US

Visual columns

David Hubel shaped discourse on encoding change through practice relevant to Learning.

07

May-Britt Moser

b. 1963 · Norway

Grid cells

May-Britt Moser shaped discourse on encoding change through practice relevant to Learning.

08

Edvard Moser

b. 1962 · Norway

Grid cells

Edvard Moser shaped discourse on encoding change through practice relevant to Learning.

Portraits resolve via Wikimedia when Commons licences allow.

Sources & research

  1. The molecular biology of memory storage: a dialogue between genes and synapsesKandel ER · 2001 · ScienceDOIPubMed
  2. Learning and neural plasticityBuonomano DV; Merzenich MM · 1998 · Annual Review of NeuroscienceDOIPubMed
  3. Dopamine, learning and motivationWise RA · 2004 · Nature Reviews NeuroscienceDOIPubMed

Media credits

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