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Brain Aging · Lifelong change in structure, networks and cognitive reserve.

Reviewed 2026-08·Sources & research·Media credits

Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Brain AgingOriginal photo is anonymous although published by Clark University in 1899. Restoration by Garrondo · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

People who shaped how we talk about Brain Aging.

Eight voices span anatomy, clinic, computation and culture.

People

01 Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Santiago Ramón y Cajal

1852–1934 · Spain

Neuron doctrine

Santiago Ramón y Cajal shaped discourse on reserve and network change relevant to Brain Aging.

02 Rita Levi-Montalcini

Rita Levi-Montalcini

1909–2012 · Italy

Nerve growth factor

Rita Levi-Montalcini shaped discourse on reserve and network change relevant to Brain Aging.

03

John O'Keefe

b. 1939 · US/UK

Place cells

John O'Keefe shaped discourse on reserve and network change relevant to Brain Aging.

04 Eric Kandel

Eric Kandel

b. 1929 · Austria/US

Cellular learning

Eric Kandel shaped discourse on reserve and network change relevant to Brain Aging.

05 Wilder Penfield

Wilder Penfield

1891–1976 · Canada

Cortical maps

Wilder Penfield shaped discourse on reserve and network change relevant to Brain Aging.

06 David Hubel

David Hubel

1926–2013 · Canada/US

Visual columns

David Hubel shaped discourse on reserve and network change relevant to Brain Aging.

07

May-Britt Moser

b. 1963 · Norway

Grid cells

May-Britt Moser shaped discourse on reserve and network change relevant to Brain Aging.

08

Edvard Moser

b. 1962 · Norway

Grid cells

Edvard Moser shaped discourse on reserve and network change relevant to Brain Aging.

Portraits resolve via Wikimedia when Commons licences allow.

Sources & research

  1. What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve conceptStern Y · 2002 · Journal of the International Neuropsychological SocietyDOIPubMed
  2. Aging of the brain and cognitive declinePark DC; Reuter-Lorenz P · 2009 · Annual Review of PsychologyDOIPubMed
  3. The aging brain: functional adaptation across adulthoodCabeza R; et al. · 2018 · Nature Reviews NeuroscienceDOI

Media credits

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