Milestones in order. This is history, not a weekly activity grid.
- Griffith effect
- DNA is the principle
- Conjugation shown
- Transduction named
- Plasmid word
- R-plasmids clinical
- Integron described
- NDM tours
Darker cells mean a higher score for this topic on that metric.
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Read Identity → How they live → Body & health, then use compare rails.
Is this page advice for Horizontal gene transfer?
Public-health education — not a care plan, prescription, or outbreak briefing.
What does the local lens add?
It names everyday desks for Change & defence before English norms look universal.
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Use related cards and best-of / quiz rails after the first three chapters.
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How they live and Body & health carry mechanisms; skim Identity first.
The transforming principle was a puzzle about pneumonia types before it was a DNA story.
Once plasmids were visible as extra circles, hospitals could watch resistance tour the world as luggage.
Timeline
Heat-killed smooth pneumococci 'transform' live rough cells in mice.
Avery's group chemically shows the transforming substance is DNA.
Lederberg and Tatum demonstrate genetic exchange by contact in E. coli.
Zinder and Lederberg show phage can carry bacterial genes.
Joshua Lederberg popularizes 'plasmid' for extra-chromosomal elements.
Resistance plasmids become a daily hospital genetics story.
Cassette-capture systems explain stacked resistance genes.
A carbapenemase gene illustrates intercontinental plasmid travel in patients.
The timeline is discovery history, not a methods course.
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