Buildings
Structure, lining, insulation or finish depending on family.
Медь earns its keep in systems: a beam, a batt, a fibre blend, a coated steel — rarely a lone coupon.
Products below are cultural landmarks as much as SKUs.
Отрасли
Transport
Mass, fire and fatigue rewrite the grade list.
Energy
Heat, voltage and hydrogen compatibility.
Consumer
The volume that pays for the mill.
Medical / food
When allowed — extractables and allergies matter.
Defence / safety
Ballistics, FR clothing, fire stops.
Изделия
Statue of Liberty skin
1886
Edison wiring
1880s
IACS bar
1913
Chuquicamata
1910s–
Bronze Age palstave
2nd mill. BCE
Heat pipe
1960s–
Cu roof patina
historic
Busbar
20th c.–
Пары
aluminum
The lighter conductor when cross-section is free.
steel
Structural partner; galvanic couples need isolation.
silicone
High-temp insulation around copper magnet wire.
graphene
Research rival for thin transparent conductors.
If the pairing is wrong, the material will be blamed for a system fault.
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Сталь
Железо–углерод зданий, судов и рельсов — бесконечно переплавляется.
Итого 66 🥫Алюминий
Лёгкий конструкционный металл ванн Холла–Эру: обшивки, банки, фасады.
Итого 59 ✈️Титан
Высокая удельная прочность и плёнки, стойкие к хлоридам.
Итого 58 🍴Нержавеющая сталь
Пассивные плёнки хрома для кухонь, химии и фасадов.
Итого 64