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Anxiety · Threat circuitry, worry loops and avoidance — how brains over-predict danger and how care can recalibrate risk.

Reviewed 2026-08·Sources & research·Methodology·Media credits

Anxiety
AnxietyEdvard Munch · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Eight voices who shaped threat learning, clinical taxonomy and evidence-based anxiety care.

Portraits resolve via Wikimedia when licences allow.

People

01

Joseph LeDoux

b. 1949 · USA

Fear circuits

Mapped amygdala pathways for defensive responding.

02 Michelle Craske

Michelle Craske

b. 1959 · Australia/USA

Inhibitory learning

Modern exposure theory emphasising new safety learning.

03 Aaron Beck

Aaron Beck

1921–2021 · USA

Cognitive model

Cognitive therapy foundations for anxiety and depression.

04 David Barlow

David Barlow

b. 1942 · USA

Unified protocols

Transdiagnostic approaches to emotional disorders.

05 Anxiety disorder

Michael Davis

1939–2021 · USA

Fear-potentiated startle

Rigorous behavioural neuroscience of fear learning.

06 Hans Eysenck

Hans Eysenck

1916–1997 · Germany/UK

Trait anxiety

Early dimensional views of neuroticism and conditioning.

07

Edna Foa

b. 1937 · Israel/USA

Exposure therapy

Influential exposure frameworks for anxiety and PTSD.

08

Borwin Bandelow

b. 1950s · Germany

Epidemiology

Syntheses of anxiety epidemiology and treatment guidelines.

Read primary papers; this page is not care.

Sources & research

  1. Anxiety disordersCraske MG; et al. · 2017 · Nature Reviews Disease PrimersPrimer on anxiety disorders and mechanisms.DOI
  2. Using Neuroscience to Help Understand Fear and Anxiety: A Two-System FrameworkLeDoux JE; Pine DS · 2016 · American Journal of PsychiatryTwo-system framing of fear vs anxiety circuits.DOI
  3. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st centuryBandelow B; Michaelis S · 2015 · Dialogues in Clinical NeuroscienceEpidemiology of anxiety disorders.DOI

Media credits

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