Shoulder in 6: Glenohumeral joint

The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles — supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis — whose tendons wrap around the shoulder joint and help keep the arm bone centered in its socket while allowing rotation. Does a rotator cuff tear always need surgery? Many partial and even some full-thickness tears, especially in less active or older individuals, are managed successfully with structured exercise; surgery is more often considered for larger tears, significant weakness, or failed conservative care.

Shoulder impingement describes irritation of rotator cuff tendons or the bursa as they pass through a narrow space beneath the tip of the shoulder blade, often provoked by repeated overhead activity. Frozen shoulder, or adhesive capsulitis, is a condition involving progressive stiffening of the joint capsule, typically moving through painful, stiff, and recovery phases over many months.

Shoulder pain is one of the most frequently reported musculoskeletal complaints, with population studies suggesting a substantial share of adults experience an episode at some point, particularly with advancing age. Can shoulder instability happen without a dislocation? Yes — some individuals have subtle instability or excessive joint laxity that causes a sense of looseness or apprehension without a full dislocation ever occurring.