Written traces of jiang-style pastes ancestral to doenjang and miso.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek sketches globules in beer — among the first microbial fungi seen.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek describes motile specks from water and teeth — protozoa among them.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek describes moving specks from teeth and water.
Pier Antonio Micheli shows mushrooms arise from spores, not spontaneous mud.
Cowpox material is used to protect against smallpox; publication follows in 1798.
Georg Goldfuss uses Protozoa for 'first animals' — a name that outlived the zoology.
Jean-Baptiste Boussingault measures that legumes enrich soil nitrogen.
John Snow maps cholera to a Soho pump — clean water as data, not fashion.
Louis Pasteur ties living yeast to alcoholic fermentation, attacking purely chemical vitalisms of the day.
Swan-neck flasks and pasteurisation attack spontaneous generation and save food.
Early sketches of gastric spirals are later cited as missed chances.
A specific bacillus is tied to a specific disease — germ theory gets a method.
Alphonse Laveran finds pigmented parasites in blood — protozoa enter tropical medicine.
Grape-like clusters in abscesses get a lasting name.
Nineteenth-century chemists already knew marshes make methane. The microbes responsible were still unnamed archaea.
Early dermatologists describe resident microbes on healthy skin.
The bacillus is shown; germ theory gains a famous chronic disease.
Hans Christian Gram gives clinics a two-bucket wall test still used daily.
Friedrich Rosenbach distinguishes S. aureus by colony color.
Albert Bernhard Frank coins mycorrhiza for fungus-root unions.
A public rabies vaccination of Joseph Meister becomes a founding legend of the lab-vaccine era.
Infant stools yield a common colon bacillus that later bears his name.
Sergei Winogradsky shows microbes can live on inorganic chemistry.
Nitrogen fixation in legumes is tied to living root nodules.
Living nodules, not just soil magic, explain legume nitrogen.
Dmitri Ivanovsky shows tobacco mosaic disease passes a bacterial filter — a founding observation of virology.
Chemolithotrophic nitrifiers are isolated as a teaching pair.
Roentgen's rays later let clinics see cavities without opening the chest.
Ronald Ross demonstrates mosquito stages of bird malaria, opening the vector map.
Eduard Buchner shows juice without intact cells can still ferment.
Martinus Beijerinck calls the agent contagium vivum fluidum — living, fluid, and not a cultured bacterium.
David Bruce ties tsetse flies to nagana and sleeping-sickness trypanosomes.
Early textbooks treat soil as a biological system, not mere dirt.
Élie Metchnikoff popularises sour milk and longevity ideas — a probiotic prehistory.
A Nobel laureate links lactic microbes to longevity ideas in Paris.
Jersey City's early municipal chlorination becomes a model for urban water.
Peyton Rous transmits a hen tumour with a filtrate, linking some cancers to viruses decades before oncogenes were named.
Carl Bosch industrialises the process at Oppau — bread and explosives share a factory.
Frederick Twort describes glassy dissolution of micrococci — an early phage observation.
Félix d'Hérelle coins bacteriophage and begins therapeutic attempts in Paris.
A severe influenza pandemic showed how a novel antigenic package can sweep a world without modern vaccines.
A severe pandemic shows how a novel package can sweep a world without modern shots.
A systematic naming of lactic bacteria that still echoes in dairy labs.
George Eliava's Tbilisi school builds a lasting phage-medicine tradition.
Calmette and Guerin give an attenuated bovine tuberculosis vaccine to an infant in Paris.
An attenuated vaccine begins a century of childhood programmes.
A patient strain begins a long domestication into a lab standard.
Alexander Fleming notes a Penicillium zone on staphylococci — later Florey and Chain make a medicine.
Fleming sees a mould zone on staphylococci; a medicine arrives only after 1940s production.
Heat-killed smooth pneumococci 'transform' live rough cells in mice.
A clinical description of epidemic winter vomiting predates the particle.
Teaching splits passing hitchhikers from organisms that persist.
Culture work on methane bacteria begins in earnest; they are still filed under bacteria.
Smith, Andrewes and Laidlaw isolate influenza A from people in London.
Wendell Stanley crystallises tobacco mosaic virus, shocking biologists who thought 'alive' could not be a crystal.
Fluctuation tests with phages prove bacterial mutations are random, not directed.
Military programmes begin killed-virus influenza vaccines.
Staph wound infections become treatable, then quickly learn the enzyme.
Soil microbe chemistry hits tuberculosis — a reminder that allies live in dirt.
Avery's group chemically shows the transforming substance is DNA.
A soil-microbe drug first hits TB — resistance appears if it is used alone.
Fleming tells the public that careless use will select resistant microbes.
Lederberg and Tatum demonstrate genetic exchange by contact in E. coli.
Phage blender experiments show DNA, not protein, is the hereditary material of T2 bacteriophage.
Zinder and Lederberg show phage can carry bacterial genes.
Combination oral therapy begins to empty sanatoria in rich countries.
Jonas Salk's inactivated vaccine enters wide use; Albert Sabin's oral vaccine follows. Incidence collapses where campaigns hold.
Stains from the early 1900s remain daily tools for malaria films in many clinics.
Inactivated polio vaccine enters wide use in the United States after field trials.
A reassortant H2N2 subtype replaced H1N1 in humans — a classic antigenic-shift pandemic.
Joshua Lederberg popularizes 'plasmid' for extra-chromosomal elements.
A new beta-lactam is answered within a few years.
Isolators show immune and gut-wall development depend on microbes.
Asthma and hay fever climb in many affluent countries as infections fall.
A tiny RNA phage becomes a model; its genome is later the first fully sequenced (1976).
Resistance to methicillin appears in S. aureus within a few years of the drug.
Licensed measles vaccines begin a long decline of a highly contagious childhood killer.
Lilly and Stillwell use probiotic for substances that favour microbes — a meaning later narrowed.
Mary Marples treats skin as habitat, not a sterile sheet.
Another HA shift produced H3N2, still a major seasonal actor after decades of drift.
Hong Kong flu introduces H3, still a major seasonal actor after decades of drift.
Reports spread beyond Europe; wards become a resistance classroom.
Robert Whittaker popularises Fungi as a separate kingdom in ecology teaching.
Hungate-style methods reveal the colon is not an empty tube.
Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus successions in kimchi enter modern journals.
Resistance plasmids become a daily hospital genetics story.
Theoretical work framed replicators as error-prone clouds, later a standard RNA-virus metaphor.
E. coli genetics is already a language of operons before full genomes arrive.
Carl Woese and George Fox publish 16S rRNA trees that peel archaea away from bacteria.
After rRNA methods spread, soil becomes a catalogue of unseen lineages.
Unusual ether lipids corroborate that methanogens are not ordinary bacteria.
The modern biofilm concept is framed for medicine and industry together.
Halobacterium's purple membrane becomes a model for a light-driven proton pump.
Robin Warren sees curved bacteria on gastric biopsies in Perth.
WHO certifies the end of a human disease after ring vaccination and surveillance.
rRNA trees shatter a single protozoan kingdom into distant eukaryotic clades.
Hospital studies tie handwashing to fewer transmitted staphylococci.
Last-line glycopeptides become a common hospital habit for MRSA.
Work on Pseudomonas in cystic fibrosis popularizes persistent-film thinking.
STEC O157:H7 is tied to undercooked beef clusters in the United States.
A forgotten holiday incubator run yields colonies — told as history, not a protocol.
Luc Montagnier's group isolates the retrovirus later named HIV; the 2008 Nobel recognised that lineage of work.
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases begin to empty the cephalosporin cupboard in hospitals.
A public self-experiment produces gastritis and then recovery after treatment — anecdote, not advice.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG becomes a much-studied strain with a public code.
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative begins; wild types later shrink to a few countries.
The hygiene hypothesis is named from family-size patterns in hay fever.
Cassette-capture systems explain stacked resistance genes.
The organism is moved from Campylobacter into its own genus.
Woese, Kandler and Wheelis formally argue for Bacteria, Archaea and Eucarya.
Alpine farm-child studies add livestock and stables to the exposure list.
Healthy people without hospital ties begin to appear in outbreak reports.
Stool tests make outbreak confirmation routine in public-health labs.
WHO declares TB a global emergency as HIV and neglect reverse gains.
A large hamburger outbreak drives stricter ground-beef rules and public memory.
Haemophilus influenzae is sequenced; metagenomics will soon skip culture entirely.
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation is recognised as a missing shortcut.
A five-element programme standardizes finding cases and supporting treatment.
S. cerevisiae is fully sequenced — a eukaryotic model that still trains genetics students.
Methanocaldococcus jannaschii is sequenced — a hydrothermal methanogen with a surprising gene mix.
Human cases of avian H5N1 raised zoonotic-shift fears; control focused on birds and exposure, not home experiments.
A laboratory genome is published, a milestone of the sequencing age.
Pseudogymnoascus destructans devastates North American bats, showing fungal pathogens reshape wildlife.
A community clone becomes a widely discussed skin-infection actor in the US.
Vessel sanitation programmes publish outbreak thresholds and logs.
Live microorganisms, adequate amounts, health benefit — the sentence labels still quote.
FAO/WHO separates live food from probiotic-with-evidence.
Working-group guidelines push strain identification and safety dossiers.
A novel coronavirus spreads from a hotel cluster into hospitals. It previews later coronavirus surveillance.
US agencies highlight biofilms in chronic infection research agendas.
Rook argues for co-evolved organisms rather than dirt as such.
High-throughput tags show person-to-person differences without growing every cell.
Marshall and Warren receive the physiology or medicine prize.
Transplantable community effects in mice ignite metabolism headlines — mice are not men.
Barrangou and colleagues show spacers confer phage resistance in Streptococcus thermophilus.
NIH launches a reference map of healthy volunteers' communities.
The Human Microbiome Project samples skin alongside gut and mouth.
A carbapenemase later named NDM-1 shows how travel and hospitals can move last-line failure genes.
A carbapenemase gene illustrates intercontinental plasmid travel in patients.
A Science paper maps how body site outweighs individuality for many taxa.
A triple-reassortant H1N1 spread globally; seasonal H1N1 was displaced. Vaccines were updated the following season.
A triple-reassortant H1N1 spreads globally; seasonal H1N1 is displaced.
Documented last-resort cases return phage therapy to Western journals — still not a home kit.
Metagenomes add viruses and fungi to the bacterial story.
Molecular tests and new drugs shorten some resistant courses — still specialist care.
Seroprevalence falls as housing, plumbing and treatment access change.
Sprouts carry an unusual hybrid pathotype across several countries.
Chytrid fungi are recognised as drivers of global amphibian declines — a conservation emergency.
Finnish and other work links surrounding biodiversity to atopic risk talk.
A randomised trial shows stool transplant can beat vancomycin for recurrent C. difficile in a clinical setting.
The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics restates the 2001 core.
Lokiarchaeota genomes blur the archaea–eukaryote boundary and revive endosymbiosis debates.
Complete ammonia oxidisers collapse the two-step textbook in some lineages.
Member states endorse a five-pillar plan: awareness, surveillance, sanitation, stewardship, research.
An economic report popularizes huge future death and GDP figures to jolt governments.
WHO publishes a list to steer research toward the worst drug–bug gaps.
Cochrane-style reviews show benefit in some diarrhoea settings and uncertainty in many others.
A new coronavirus spread worldwide. Genome sharing made lineage tracking a public dashboard.
Decades of lipid-nanoparticle and mRNA work meet a pandemic; emergency authorizations arrive in December.
Consensus papers stress functions and fibre over a universal species shopping list.
Defined consortia enter drug-style pipelines, separate from yoghurt aisle branding.
Better imaging and sequencing show mixed-species architecture in plaque and wounds.
Texts warn against anti-hygiene readings while keeping the immune-training question open.
Non-pharmaceutical measures briefly suppressed flu, then waves returned with mixed timing.
WHO recommends RTS,S for children in selected regions — a protozoan vaccine after decades.
WHO VOC labels marked lineages with different spread and immune-escape profiles in 2021–22.
Neolithic jars in the Caucasus and China show early fermented drinks.