Buildings
Structure, lining, insulation or finish depending on family.
钙钛矿 earns its keep in systems: a beam, a batt, a fibre blend, a coated steel — rarely a lone coupon.
Products below are cultural landmarks as much as SKUs.
行业
Transport
Mass, fire and fatigue rewrite the grade list.
Energy
Heat, voltage and hydrogen compatibility.
Consumer
The volume that pays for the mill.
Medical / food
When allowed — extractables and allergies matter.
Defence / safety
Ballistics, FR clothing, fire stops.
产品
Tsutomu Miyasaka
2009
Henry Snaith
2012
NREL chart
2013–
Oxford PV
2010s–
MAPBI3 crystal
2010s
Si tandem module
2020s
Damp-heat chamber
test
Pb-free Sn trials
2010s–
配对
graphene
Another lab-to-fab story with fewer rooftops.
glass
The cover and substrate of modules.
copper
Tabbing and inverters still need Cu.
silicone
Module encapsulants and junction seals.
If the pairing is wrong, the material will be blamed for a system fault.