Buildings
Structure, lining, insulation or finish depending on family.
气凝胶 earns its keep in systems: a beam, a batt, a fibre blend, a coated steel — rarely a lone coupon.
Products below are cultural landmarks as much as SKUs.
行业
Transport
Mass, fire and fatigue rewrite the grade list.
Energy
Heat, voltage and hydrogen compatibility.
Consumer
The volume that pays for the mill.
Medical / food
When allowed — extractables and allergies matter.
Defence / safety
Ballistics, FR clothing, fire stops.
产品
Samuel Kistler
1931
Stardust aerogel
1999–2006
Aspen Pyrogel
2000s–
Mars rover insulation lore
2000s
Translucent granule IGU
2010s
Pipe insulation
2000s–
Silica gel cousin
historic
Frozen smoke photo
1990s–
配对
vacuum-insulation
The other ultra-low λ panel.
mineral-wool
The cheap A1 default.
polyurethane-foam
Lower λ than wool, worse fire.
ceramic-fiber
High-T fibrous insulation without the nano-sponge.
If the pairing is wrong, the material will be blamed for a system fault.