Intrusions
Unwanted memories, nightmares and flashbacks.
PTSD reflects failed recovery of threat learning: cues keep predicting danger without updating to safety in context.
Educational neuroscience context only — not medical advice, diagnosis or a substitute for emergency or clinical care. If you are in crisis, seek local emergency services or a licensed clinician.
Pillars
Avoidance
Steering clear of reminders that blocks updating.
Hyperarousal
Hypervigilance, startle and sleep disruption.
Recovery pathways
Trauma-focused care that rebuilds safety learning.
Key facts
Not universal
Trauma exposure ≠ automatic PTSD.
Amygdala–vmPFC–hippocampus
Core triad in many neurobiological models.
Trauma-focused CBT / PE / EMDR
Strong evidence bases when delivered by trained clinicians.
Context deficit
Cues trigger fear without “then vs now” tagging.
Comorbidity
Depression, substance use and TBI often co-occur.
Medical disclaimer
Educational neuroscience context only — not medical advice, diagnosis or a substitute for emergency or clinical care. If you are in crisis, seek local emergency services or a licensed clinician.
Pair with Amygdala, Memory, Anxiety and Hippocampus neighbours — seek care for personal symptoms.
Sources & research
- Post-traumatic stress disorderPrimer on PTSD mechanisms and care.DOI
- Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorderBiological synthesis of PTSD findings.DOI
- Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderClinical review of PTSD.DOI
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