Balance in : Vestibulo-ocular reflex pathway

Sudden severe vertigo, fainting, or new weakness Balance is not controlled by a single organ but by the brain's continuous integration of signals from the inner ear's vestibular system, the eyes, and proprioceptive sensors in the joints and muscles, allowing the body to maintain and adjust posture in response to movement and changing surfaces.

Balance problems become increasingly common with age and are one of the most consistently identified risk factors for falls, which the World Health Organization and other public health bodies recognize as a leading cause of injury-related disability in older adults. Balance can also be affected by inner ear disorders, certain medications, and neurological conditions.

Because balance draws on multiple sensory systems, its assessment and rehabilitation typically involve identifying which system or systems are contributing to a given deficit, rather than treating balance as a single, uniform quality. This page reviews the anatomy and systems underlying balance, common contributing conditions, assessment approaches, and general exercise and recovery patterns.