For millennia the rural poor held a customary right to gather grain left behind after harvest — the Hebrew Bible's Book of Ruth turns on it, and Jean-François Millet's 1857 painting The Gleaners made it an icon of rural France. England's courts ruled in Steel v Houghton (1788) that no common-law right to glean existed, enclosure fenced the fields, and mechanical harvesters eventually left too little behind to gather; the living survives only in charity gleaning projects that harvest surplus for food banks.
Gleaner no longer exists as a living trade. Here is what erased it, and which profession took on the work.
1700 – 1900
The Agricultural Revolution and the world grain trade
Britain's agricultural revolution — Tull's seed drill, the Norfolk four-course rotation, Bakewell's selective livestock breeding and the enclosure of the open fields — roughly doubled yields and freed the labor that fed the Industrial Revolution's factories. Railways, steamships and the McCormick reaper then opened the American prairies, the Argentine pampas and the Russian steppe to export grain, ruining and remaking farmers across whole continents as world prices reached every village.
What else was happening then
1892
Froelich runs the first gasoline tractor
In Clayton County, Iowa, John Froelich builds the first gasoline-powered tractor that can drive both forward and backward, and uses it to power a threshing run that season. His Waterloo company's engine business is bought by John Deere in 1918, founding the tractor line that helps retire tens of millions of draft horses.
1909–1913
Haber–Bosch synthesizes nitrogen fertilizer
Fritz Haber demonstrates ammonia synthesis from air in 1909, and Carl Bosch industrializes it at BASF's Oppau plant by 1913. Synthetic nitrogen removes the oldest ceiling on crop yields; by common estimates, roughly half of the people alive today are fed by crops grown with it.
1944–1970
The Green Revolution
Norman Borlaug's semi-dwarf, disease-resistant wheat, bred in Mexico from 1944, and IRRI's IR8 rice transform yields across Mexico, India, Pakistan and the Philippines; India's wheat harvest nearly doubles between 1965 and 1970. Borlaug receives the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize — the only one ever awarded chiefly for plant breeding.
2022
The driverless tractor goes on sale
John Deere unveils a fully autonomous 8R tractor at the CES electronics show in January 2022, steering by GPS and cameras with no one in the cab, while robotic milkers — sold by Lely since 1992 — already handle a large share of new dairy installations in northwest Europe. A century after replacing the horse, the tractor begins replacing its own driver.
Where that work lives now
The profession that made every other one possible — feeding the world for eleven millennia, from the first Fertile Crescent wheat to autonomous tractors.
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