Ranked by resistance to AI
Within this field, which work is hardest for a machine to do.
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Software Engineer
Writes, tests and maintains the code that runs modern life — and is one of the first professions watching AI automate its own daily work.
AI-resistant 35 🤖AI Researcher
Designs and tests the algorithms behind machine intelligence, in a field now racing to automate a growing share of its own research process.
AI-resistant 50 🛰️Aerospace Engineer
Designs, analyzes and certifies the aircraft, rockets and spacecraft that leave the ground, working to safety margins that leave no room for guessing.
AI-resistant 74 🌉Civil Engineer
The profession that turns rivers, rock and gravity into bridges, roads and clean water — civilization's quiet load-bearing trade since Imhotep.
AI-resistant 72 🔌Semiconductor Engineer
Designs and fabricates the transistors inside every computer, phone and weapon, using machines precise enough that only a few factories on Earth can run them.
AI-resistant 60 🦾Robotics Engineer
Designs the machines that sense, decide and act in the physical world, where the hard problem was never intelligence but the world itself.
AI-resistant 65 🔐Cybersecurity Specialist
Protects systems, data and people by finding, preventing and responding to digital attacks.
AI-resistant 63 📦MLOps Engineer
Builds the systems that train, deploy, monitor and govern machine-learning models in production.
AI-resistant 54 🌬️Renewable Energy Engineer
Designs, builds and improves wind, solar, storage and grid systems that turn renewable resources into dependable electricity.
AI-resistant 72