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🗺️Methods

John O'Keefe · Place cells and the cognitive map inside the hippocampus.

Reviewed 2026-08·Sources & research·Media credits

Santiago Ramón y Cajal
John O'KeefeOriginal photo is anonymous although published by Clark University in 1899. Restoration by Garrondo · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

How science studies John O'Keefe: tools, protocols and hard limits.

Triangulation across methods is the norm.

Tools

Tool 1

A tool used to study spatial coding in hippocampus.

Tool 2

A tool used to study spatial coding in hippocampus.

Tool 3

A tool used to study spatial coding in hippocampus.

Tool 4

A tool used to study spatial coding in hippocampus.

Tool 5

A tool used to study spatial coding in hippocampus.

Tool 6

A tool used to study spatial coding in hippocampus.

Protocols

Protocol 1

A common protocol around John O'Keefe.

Protocol 2

A common protocol around John O'Keefe.

Protocol 3

A common protocol around John O'Keefe.

Protocol 4

A common protocol around John O'Keefe.

Limits

Limit 1

A known inference limit for spatial coding in hippocampus.

Limit 2

A known inference limit for spatial coding in hippocampus.

Limit 3

A known inference limit for spatial coding in hippocampus.

Pair with Methods-field topics (fMRI, EEG, MEG, DTI…).

Sources & research

  1. The hippocampus as a spatial mapO'Keefe J; Dostrovsky J · 1971 · Brain ResearchDOI
  2. The Hippocampus as a Cognitive MapO'Keefe J; Nadel L · 1978 · Oxford University Press
  3. Grid cells and spatial mapsMoser EI; Kropff E; Moser MB · 2008 · Annual Review of NeuroscienceDOIPubMed

Media credits

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