Rugby Union in 8: The scrum

World Rugby, founded 1886 as the International Rugby Football Board; now 132 member unions Rugby World Cup, held every four years since 1987; France 2023 drew about 2.4 million spectators South Africa, with four (1995, 2007, 2019, 2023) — the only team to win four Rugby School, England, in the 1820s-1840s; the Rugby Football Union codified the laws in 1871

15 a side over two 40-minute halves on a pitch up to 100 m by 70 m, plus in-goal areas Rugby union is a fifteen-a-side collision sport built on a single tension: the ball may be carried and kicked freely, but it can only be passed backwards, so every metre of ground must be won by running into contact and recycling possession. When the ball-carrier is tackled, a fight called the breakdown erupts over the ball; when it goes out of bounds or an infringement halts play, the game restarts with a scrum or a lineout, the set pieces where matches are often decided. Fifteen specialists — eight heavy forwards and seven quicker backs — occupy numbered roles, and the eighty minutes flow almost continuously, with no timeouts once the whistle has started play.

What grips people is the collision of brute force and fine strategy inside the same phase. A rolling maul grinding towards the line is settled by leverage and lung capacity; a backline strike move a moment later is settled by timing and sleight of hand. Rugby rewards a 130-kilogram prop and a 75-kilogram winger equally, giving almost any body type a position, and its culture prizes deference to the referee — addressed as 'sir' — and the post-match handshake between opponents. Territory is the game's currency: sides kick for position, defend their own 22, and strangle opponents through relentless pressure as often as they score.