Caucasus in 1800s: Russian conquest

Georgia’s qvevri tradition is among the world’s oldest attested wine cultures. Modern wars are political; culture pages are not scoreboards of nations. Stuffed vegetables, breads and herb pastes cross community lines. Armenian, Georgian and others are distinct literary traditions.

Anatolia; Persianate; writing-systems atlas. See diversity pages for clines — never as country-level score talk. Neolithic horizons in the wider region. Early state Christianization traditions. Caliphates and successors contest valleys. Ethnofederal policy freezes categories. Tourism and IT scenes remake cities.

Relief fragmented polities and preserved language islands. Empires taxed valleys without erasing local law everywhere. Kartvelian, Nakh-Daghestanian, Abkhaz-Adyghe and Indo-European languages neighbor. Russian and Turkish remain regional lingua francas in places. Long toasts and supra hospitality in Georgia are social theater.