Thirty Years' War · paras 1
Christian IV's Danish war (1625-29) failed. Gustavus Adolphus landed in 1630, won Breitenfeld, and made Sweden a great power before dying at Lutzen. His chancellor Oxenstierna kept Sweden in the war.
At a glance
Thirty Years' War · paras 1Christian IV's Danish war (1625-29) failed. Gustavus Adolphus landed in 1630,…
Thirty Years' War · paras 2Albrecht von Wallenstein's imperial armies -- raised as a private-public…
Thirty Years' War · paras 2Rocroi (1643) marked Spanish tercios' decline; the Empire was already a…
Thirty Years' War · paras 2Later IR theory turned "Westphalia" into a myth of the sovereign state. The…
Albrecht von Wallenstein's imperial armies -- raised as a private-public enterprise -- showed how the war was financed by plunder as much as by tax. Richelieu's France, a Catholic monarchy, funded Protestants and then entered openly in 1635 against the Habsburgs. The last decade was a great-power war with a German address.
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Thirty Years' War · paras 2
Albrecht von Wallenstein's imperial armies -- raised as a private-public enterprise -- showed how the war was financed by plunder as much as by tax. Richelieu's France, a Catholic monarchy, funded Protestants and then entered openly in 1635 against the Habsburgs. The last decade was a great-power war with a German address.
Thirty Years' War · paras 2
Rocroi (1643) marked Spanish tercios' decline; the Empire was already a graveyard of villages. Two treaties in 1648: Osnabruck (with Sweden) and Munster (with France). Cuius regio eius religio was adjusted; Calvinism gained recognition; the Emperor's power inside the Empire shrank.
Thirty Years' War · paras 2
Later IR theory turned "Westphalia" into a myth of the sovereign state. The documents were messier: a German constitutional peace plus French and Swedish guarantees. 1618-1648 was several wars stacked: Bohemian, Palatine, Danish, Swedish and French-Habsburg -- paid for by German civilians.
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- Rocroi (1643) marked Spanish tercios' decline; the Empire was already a graveyard of villages. Two treaties in 1648: Osnabruck (with Sweden) and Munster (with France). Cuius regio eius religio was adjusted; Calvinism gained recognition; the Emperor's power inside the Empire shrank.
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- This explains a campaign, battle, or weapon in context. It is not a league of nations. It does not replace the full topic page.
- Where is the longer entry?
- Later IR theory turned "Westphalia" into a myth of the sovereign state. The documents were messier: a German constitutional peace plus French and Swedish guarantees. 1618-1648 was several wars stacked: Bohemian, Palatine, Danish, Swedish and French-Habsburg -- paid for by German civilians.
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