Handball (team handball) in : Substitutions · 538

International Handball Federation (IHF), founded in Copenhagen in 1946; its amateur predecessor dates to 1928 Indoor court 40 by 20 metres, goals 3 by 2 metres, and a 6-metre goal area no field player may stand in Two halves of 30 minutes, with elite teams now scoring around 30 goals each

Outdoor 11-a-side handball debuted in 1936; the indoor game has been Olympic since Munich 1972 for men and Montreal 1976 for women France, with 6 (1995, 2001, 2009, 2011, 2015, 2017) Handball is the highest-scoring team sport played indoors. Seven against seven on a court 40 metres long and 20 wide, two halves of thirty minutes, and a final score that routinely passes sixty goals between the two sides. The premise is simple: carry, bounce or pass a ball small enough to palm in one hand, take no more than three steps between dribbles, and throw it past a goalkeeper defending a frame three metres wide and two high. The complication is the six-metre arc in front of that goal, which no field player may stand in. Every shot is therefore taken from distance or launched from the air above the line, which gives the sport its signature image: a player suspended mid-flight over the crease.

Athletically it sits somewhere between basketball and rugby. Backcourt players jump into contact to shoot from nine metres, pivots wrestle for position with their backs to goal, and wings finish from angles so tight that the geometry, not the goalkeeper, is the real opponent. Defending is a contact discipline with legal limits: a defender may use a bent arm and the torso to block an attacker's path, so the game is played at collision speed with almost no stoppages. Substitutions flow on and off the court without the referee's permission, possessions last seconds, and momentum swings in bursts of three and four unanswered goals that coaches burn timeouts to stop.