Curling in 1716: Kilsyth Curling Club

Polished granite, 17.24 to 19.96 kg, maximum circumference 91.4 cm; most of it quarried on Ailsa Craig, Scotland Full medal sport since Nagano 1998; also contested at the first Winter Games in Chamonix in 1924 Canada leads with 36 men's and 19 women's; Niklas Edin holds the individual record with 8 (2013-2026)

Curling looks like the gentlest thing on ice until you understand what is actually being asked. A player pushes out of a rubber foothold called the hack, releases a 20-kilogram block of polished granite before his hand crosses a line ten metres down the ice, then expects it to keep travelling another 28 metres and stop within a few centimetres of a target the size of a dinner plate, while two teammates scrub the ice ahead of it to steal back the last metre. Eight stones a side, ten ends, only one team scoring in each end. The whole sport is a negotiation between physics you cannot fully control and geometry you can.

Its origins are Scottish and medieval. A stone inscribed 1511 was pulled from a drained pond near Dunblane, and a notary at Paisley Abbey recorded a challenge on ice in February 1541. Scots emigrants carried the game to Canada, where the Royal Montreal Curling Club, founded in 1807, is the oldest active sports club in North America, and Canada has been the sport's centre of gravity ever since. But the modern map is genuinely global. Sweden, Switzerland, Scotland, Norway, Italy and the United States have all won world or Olympic gold this century, and Japan and South Korea have reached Olympic finals.