01 Ironmaking
Blast furnace or DRI turns ore + reductant into hot metal or sponge iron.
Making 钢 is a chain: feedstock, conversion (bloomery c. 1800 BCE / Bessemer 1856), forming, heat, finish, install.
Skip a step and the properties chapter is describing a different object.
工艺步骤
02 钢making
BOF or EAF adjusts carbon, phosphorus and alloys, then vacuum degasses if needed.
03 Casting
Continuous casters freeze slabs, blooms or billets.
04 Hot rolling
Reheat and reduce to plate, strip, sections or rod.
05 Cold mill / heat treat
Skin pass, anneal, quench-and-temper or galvanize.
06 Fabrication
Cut, weld, bolt, form — residual stress and HAZ hardness become the real spec.
路径
BF–BOF
Primary ore route; high CO₂ unless CCS or hydrogen later.
EAF scrap
Mini-mills recycle steel with electricity; residual copper limits some grades.
DRI–EAF
Gas or hydrogen reduction plus arc furnace — the green-steel bet.
Foundry
Cast steels and irons for complex shapes that rolling cannot make.
图解
钢 process path
Feedstock to installed product.
- Feed — in
- Convert — mill
- Form — shape
- Finish — coat
- Install — out
- Spec — code
- Scrap loop — rec
钢 heat & fire
Energy in, class out.
- Heat — in
- 钢 — mat
- λ / char — out
- Ignition — fire
- Euroclass — class
- Assembly — sys
极限
Corrosion
Plain carbon steel rusts unless coated, alloyed or kept dry.
Fire softening
A1 does not mean “safe in a blaze”; protection is a separate layer.
Weld HAZ
High carbon equivalents crack unless preheat and hydrogen control are real.
Process energy and scrap quality belong in the carbon passport, not in a footnote.