Thirty Years' War (1620): White Mountain
[65] [thirty-years-1-65] About 4-8 million people died in the Empire, scholarly range -- a demographic disaster in parts of Germany fro On a timeline, write the date and place of Thirty Years' War before any adjective of victory. Year 1620, line “White Mountain,” figure 11. Do not read the dead as points. The 1618 revolt and Frederick V's brief winter kingship ended at White Mountain (8 November 1
About 4-8 million people died in the Empire, scholarly range -- a demographic disaster in parts of Germany from battle, typhus, famine and marauding armies that lived off the land. Magdeburg's 1631 sack became the emblem of civilian horror. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden won at Breitenfeld (1631) and died at Lutzen (1632).
The Peace of Westphalia (Munster and Osnabruck, 24 October 1648) resettled religion in the Empire, recognised Dutch and Swiss facts, and became a later textbook label for "sovereignty." English memory is thinner than for Waterloo or 1914; German local memory of emptied villages is thicker.
Confession, mercenaries and a peace that named a system 1618-1648 was several wars stacked: Bohemian, Palatine, Danish, Swedish and French-Habsburg -- paid for by German civilians. The war then spilled to the Palatinate and the Rhine. Christian IV's Danish war (1625-29) failed. Gustavus Adolphus landed in 1630, won Breitenfeld, and made Sweden a great power before dying at Lutzen. His chancellor Oxenstierna kept Sweden in the war.
The timeline keeps year, place, and what moved. If “White Mountain” is the movement, the figure is 11 and the year is 1620.1620
Figures to keep
- Year of the action
- 1620
- Figure in the record
- 11
- Action
- Thirty Years' War
- Line of the front
- White Mountain
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