Thirty Years' War (1618): Defenestration
[29] [thirty-years-0-29] On a timeline, write the date and place of Thirty Years' War before any adjective of victory. Year 1618, line “Defenestration,” figure 05. Do not read the dead as points. The Thirty Years' War opened with the Defenestration of Prague on 23 May 1618, when Bohemian Protestant estates threw Habsburg officials from a window. What began as a Bohemian revolt inside the Holy Roma
The Peace of Westphalia (Munster and Osnabruck, 24 October 1648) resettled religion in the Empire, recognised Dutch and Swiss facts, and became a later textbook label for "sovereignty." English memory is thinner than for Waterloo or 1914; German local memory of emptied villages is thicker.
Confession, mercenaries and a peace that named a system 1618-1648 was several wars stacked: Bohemian, Palatine, Danish, Swedish and French-Habsburg -- paid for by German civilians. The 1618 revolt and Frederick V's brief winter kingship ended at White Mountain (8 November 1620). Habsburg reconquest brought forced re-Catholicisation and exile -- a Bohemian tragedy that later Czech memory never treated as a German footnote.
The war then spilled to the Palatinate and the Rhine. Christian IV's Danish war (1625-29) failed. Gustavus Adolphus landed in 1630, won Breitenfeld, and made Sweden a great power before dying at Lutzen. His chancellor Oxenstierna kept Sweden in the war. Albrecht von Wallenstein's imperial armies -- raised as a private-public enterprise -- showed how the war was financed by plunder as much as by tax.
The timeline keeps year, place, and what moved. If “Defenestration” is the movement, the figure is 05 and the year is 1618.1618
Figures to keep
- Year of the action
- 1618
- Figure in the record
- 05
- Action
- Thirty Years' War
- Line of the front
- Defenestration
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