Napoleonic Wars (1799): 18 Brumaire · 595
[594] [read-napoleonic-12-194] Napoleonic Wars is the record of 1799 under “18 Brumaire.” The figure to read with it is 18. Do not arrange states in a league. Fix who moved what, and where, to that year. Do not add a later war into the same total. Blucher's arrival at Waterloo is the allied fact English stories sometimes shrink. He had already fought through 1813-14.
Coalitions, conscription and a European settlement Napoleon did not invent coalition war, but he forced Europe to invent mass armies and a diplomatic congress system to contain France. Valmy (1792) and the levee en masse created a new French war machine. Napoleon's 1796-97 Italian campaign and the 1798-1801 Egyptian expedition made him first a general, then a political necessity. The 18 Brumaire coup (1799) and the 1804 imperial coronation changed the regime without ending the war with Britain.
Amiens (1802) was a pause. Malta, trade, and mutual distrust reopened the war in 1803. Ulm and Austerlitz (1805), Jena-Auerstedt (1806), and Friedland (1807) made Napoleon master of the German lands and imposed Tilsit on Russia. The Continental System tried to blockade Britain by land -- an economic war that created smugglers and enemies.
Spain from 1808 was different: a popular war, a British army under Wellington, and a drain Napoleon never sealed. The 1812 Russian campaign -- Borodino, Moscow, the retreat -- is the operational catastrophe. 1813 in Germany became a war of nations; Sweden, Prussia, Austria and Russia coordinated better than in 1805.
Say Napoleonic Wars with 1799, “18 Brumaire,” and 18. The figure is not a national score.1799
Figures to keep
- Year of the action
- 1799
- Figure in the record
- 18
- Action
- Napoleonic Wars
- Line of the front
- 18 Brumaire
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