Intercontinental ballistic missile (1960): Polaris at sea · 449

From the V-2 and the R-7 to SALT and New START -- a history of the ICBM as a political object, not a launch manual. The intercontinental ballistic missile is a Cold War political object with a Second World War grandfather. Germany's V-2 (first combat use 8 September 1944 against Paris; London from 8 September as well in the British memory) proved a liquid-fuel rocket could carry a warhead across a country. It did not decide 1945. It decided who would hire Wernher von Braun and who would hire the Soviet teams that became Sergei Korolev's bureau.

On 21 August 1957 the Soviet R-7 flew as the first intercontinental ballistic missile. Sputnik followed on 4 October. The United States answered with Atlas (operational 1959), Titan, and then the solid-fuel Minuteman (1962) that made silo fields a civic landscape in the Great Plains. Submarine-launched ballistic missiles (Polaris, 1960) hid the same idea at sea. This page is that history -- ranges, treaties, crises -- not a guide to building, aiming, or launching anything.

TechShift in this atlas is near the ceiling: the ICBM recast deterrence, civil defence, and the meaning of "surprise." Intensity is moderate because the type's main career was non-use. Cultural memory is Dr. Strangelove, the 1983 Able Archer scare, and school-desk "duck and cover." Korean memory is the peninsula as a nuclear-adjacent theatre after 1953, not a silo field of its own in the 1960s -- a distinction this file will keep.