World War II (1942): Midway and El Alamein

Scholarly tallies of the dead cluster around 70-85 million, a majority civilians, with the Soviet Union and China bearing the largest national losses. The conflict fused industrial total war, the Holocaust and other genocides, strategic bombing, and the first combat use of nuclear weapons at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.

Surrender ceremonies in May and September 1945 did not restore the 1930s map. Occupation, the United Nations Charter, partitioned Germany and Korea, and a bipolar nuclear order followed. Anglophone memory still treats the war as the century's defining just-war story, even as scholarship stresses imperial continuities and the China theatre.

A war of coalitions, industry and occupation The Second World War was not one campaign but overlapping wars in Europe, Asia, Africa and at sea, bound by alliance diplomacy and factory output. Japan's war in China and Italy's wars in Africa preceded the European general war. Germany's attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941 and Japan's strike on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 fused those wars into a single global contest.