分数是本图鉴内的相对0–100分。用于浏览，不是工程规格。
简短问答
这类交通工具要看哪些本地机构或走廊规则？
先看本地视角中的型式认定、营运许可与枢纽——不要假定一份全球清单。
Is this a buying guide?
No. Tool-Lifes /vehicles is an educational atlas. It explains history, systems and culture without affiliate rankings.
Are the scores official?
No. The six scores are relative editorial 0–100 marks across the 48 types on this site.
Where do the photos come from?
Lead images resolve from Wikimedia Commons via Wikipedia titles on the English masters, with licences recorded on the credits page.
Why metric units?
Metric is the default. Regional notes (US customary, local brand culture) appear in culture and market chapters.
How is this different from a wiki article?
Each type gets seven fixed-depth chapters, comparable scores and cross-type labs — structured for browsing, not a single freeform page.
载人飞船的推进、结构、控制与安全在同一运行包线内耦合。先分清各系统名称与职责，便于故障模式与合规审查。
下方仪表为设计裕度、可维护性与人因的相对评分，用于同级平台比较。
系统
结构
就载人飞船而言，Aluminum or composite shell holds cabin atmosphere for crew during ascent, orbit, and reentry.
推进
就载人飞船而言，Solid or liquid abort 电机s pull capsule off failing booster within milliseconds.
电源·热
就载人飞船而言，APAS/NDS ports mate to stations; ECLSS scrubs CO2 and manages humidity and O2.
GNC
就载人飞船而言，Ablative or tiled TPS dissipates reentry plasma heat on blunt base.
乘员·生保
就载人飞船而言，Drogue then main chutes slow descent; airbags or retro rockets cushion touchdown.
再入
就载人飞船而言，Fault-tolerant computers run guidance; crew interfaces for manual backup modes.
相对量表
热点
就载人飞船而言，TPS breach
就载人飞船而言，Damaged heat shield threatens structural temperature limits on reentry.
就载人飞船而言，Parachute reefing
就载人飞船而言，Line twist or failed mortar deploy causes hard impact.
就载人飞船而言，ECLSS filter clog
就载人飞船而言，CO2 scrubber saturation forces early deorbit or station rely.
就载人飞船而言，Hatch seal leak
就载人飞船而言，Micrometeoroid or seal wear raises leak rate beyond scrubber capacity.
就载人飞船而言，Touchscreen fault
就载人飞船而言，Crew must fall back to hard switches for critical abort commands.
材料
就载人飞船而言，Avcoat / PICA ablator
就载人飞船而言，Char-forming material sheds heat flux during peak heating.
就载人飞船而言，Ti pressure shell
就载人飞船而言，Machined rings and welded domes meet crew module pressure loads.
就载人飞船而言，Nomex harness webbing
就载人飞船而言，Crew restraint straps meet dynamic landing load cases.
就载人飞船而言，LiOH CO2 scrubber
就载人飞船而言，Consumable canisters remove carbon dioxide in closed-loop life support.