Athletics (Track & Field) in 2023: The throws: shot, discus, hammer and javelin · 405

Faster, higher, stronger — the oldest contest in sport, settled in seconds and centimetres. World Athletics — founded 1912 in Stockholm as the IAAF, renamed in 2019 214 national federations across six continental areas 48 medal events at Paris 2024 — the largest sport on the Olympic programme

First staged in Helsinki, 1983; now biennial with around 2,000 athletes 9.58 seconds — Usain Bolt, Berlin, 16 August 2009 2:00:35 — Kelvin Kiptum, Chicago, 8 October 2023 Athletics — track and field to Americans — is the sport of running, jumping and throwing, the purest expression of the Olympic motto Citius, Altius, Fortius: faster, higher, stronger. It gathers roughly two dozen disciplines under one roof, from the 9.58-second detonation of the 100 metres to the two-hour attrition of the marathon, from the 2.45-metre high jump to the 90-metre javelin. Every result is a measurement against the clock or the tape, expressed in the same universal units everywhere on earth, which is why a schoolchild's stopwatch and an Olympic final speak the same language. It is the founding sport of the ancient and modern Games alike.

Its grip comes from absolute measurement. In most sports you beat an opponent; in athletics you also chase a number that stands outside time — the world record, a mark that belongs to history rather than to a scoreboard. Roger Bannister's sub-four-minute mile in 1954 and Usain Bolt's 9.58 in 2009 are cultural events precisely because they are numbers anyone can grasp. The 100-metre final crowns 'the fastest human alive' before a global audience of hundreds of millions; the marathon turns a whole city's streets into an arena. And because running, jumping and throwing are the base movements of the species, every nation on earth has a discipline it can win.