Yield
S235 ~235 MPa; AHSS 600–1500+ MPa depending on dual-phase / martensitic grade.
Numbers below are bands used by working engineers, not live quotes. Tensile note: grade-dependent.
Fire performance in this atlas is editorial. Real projects need the assembly report.
Mécanique
E-modulus
~200 GPa — stiffness barely changes with carbon; geometry does the rest.
Toughness
Charpy values collapse below the ductile-to-brittle transition in BCC grades.
Fatigue
Welds and inclusions dominate life; polished laboratory bars overstate real joints.
Hardness
Annealed mild steel ~120 HV; quenched tool steels exceed 60 HRC.
Thermique
Conductivity
~45–55 W/m·K for carbon steel — a heat path, not a blanket.
Expansion
~12 × 10⁻⁶ /K; fire design must allow for that growth.
Softening
Yield falls sharply above ~400–500 °C; unprotected steel buildings need fireproofing.
Melting band
Solidus depends on carbon; cast irons sit lower than low-carbon plate.
Specific heat
~490 J/kg·K; thermal mass matters in furnace walls and cookware.
Électrique
Resistivity
~0.15 µΩ·m for mild steel — worse than copper, used where strength wins.
Magnetism
Ferritic grades are ferromagnetic; austenitic stainless is not.
Eddy losses
Silicon steels (electrical steel) cut transformer core losses.
Feu
Euroclass
Bare structural steel is A1 (non-combustible) but loses strength in fire.
Protection
Intumescent paint, boards or spray mineral wool buy time to R30–R120.
ISO 834
Standard fire curves size protection thickness, not the steel chemistry.
Spark risk
Carbon steel tools can spark; some plants specify copper-beryllium or aluminium bronze instead.
If a salesperson quotes a single “safety score”, ask which standard, which thickness, which year.
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