Buildings
Structure, lining, insulation or finish depending on family.
Mousse de polyuréthane earns its keep in systems: a beam, a batt, a fibre blend, a coated steel — rarely a lone coupon.
Products below are cultural landmarks as much as SKUs.
Secteurs
Transport
Mass, fire and fatigue rewrite the grade list.
Energy
Heat, voltage and hydrogen compatibility.
Consumer
The volume that pays for the mill.
Medical / food
When allowed — extractables and allergies matter.
Defence / safety
Ballistics, FR clothing, fire stops.
Produits
Otto Bayer
1937
Refrigerator cabinet
1960s–
PIR foil board
1990s–
Spray foam gun
1970s–
SIP panel
1980s–
Car seat foam
1960s–
HFO molecule era
2010s
Sandwich panel
1970s–
Appariements
mineral-wool
The A1 alternative with higher λ.
vacuum-insulation
Thinner than PIR at a price.
intumescent
The coating that sometimes protects foam cores.
nomex
FR fibre vs FR foam — different jobs.
If the pairing is wrong, the material will be blamed for a system fault.
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Laine minérale
Roche ou verre fondus filés en panneaux A1 : l’isolant incombustible par défaut.
Global 69 📦Panneau sous vide
Sandwich à vide scellé : λ ~0,004–0,008 tant que l’enveloppe tient.
Global 44 🕯️Matériau à changement de phase
Paquets de chaleur latente qui aplatissent les oscillations. Complément, pas substitut de λ.
Global 36