As pontuações são marcas relativas 0–100 neste atlas. Para navegar, não como especificação de engenharia.
Ultima revisao Fontes e creditosCréditos de mídiaMetodologia
Respostas curtas
Qual autoridade ou corredor local importa para este tipo?
Comece pela lente local: homologação, licenças e hubs — não uma checklist global.
Is this a buying guide?
No. Tool-Lifes /vehicles is an educational atlas. It explains history, systems and culture without affiliate rankings.
Are the scores official?
No. The six scores are relative editorial 0–100 marks across the 48 types on this site.
Where do the photos come from?
Lead images resolve from Wikimedia Commons via Wikipedia titles on the English masters, with licences recorded on the credits page.
Why metric units?
Metric is the default. Regional notes (US customary, local brand culture) appear in culture and market chapters.
How is this different from a wiki article?
Each type gets seven fixed-depth chapters, comparable scores and cross-type labs — structured for browsing, not a single freeform page.
Em Cápsula tripulada, propulsão, estrutura, controlo e segurança partilham o mesmo envelope operacional.
Os medidores resumem margem estrutural, manutenibilidade e fatores humanos em pontuação relativa.
Sistemas
Estrutura
Cápsula tripulada: Aluminum or composite shell holds cabin atmosphere for crew during ascent, orbit, and reentry.
Propulsão
Cápsula tripulada: Solid or liquid abort motors pull capsule off failing booster within milliseconds.
Energia
Cápsula tripulada: APAS/NDS ports mate to stations; ECLSS scrubs CO2 and manages humidity and O2.
Controlo
Cápsula tripulada: Ablative or tiled TPS dissipates reentry plasma heat on blunt base.
Interface
Cápsula tripulada: Drogue then main chutes slow descent; airbags or retro rockets cushion touchdown.
Segurança
Cápsula tripulada: Fault-tolerant computers run guidance; crew interfaces for manual backup modes.
Medidores relativos
Pontos quentes
Cápsula tripulada: TPS breach
Cápsula tripulada: Damaged heat shield threatens structural temperature limits on reentry.
Cápsula tripulada: Parachute reefing
Cápsula tripulada: Line twist or failed mortar deploy causes hard impact.
Cápsula tripulada: ECLSS filter clog
Cápsula tripulada: CO2 scrubber saturation forces early deorbit or station rely.
Cápsula tripulada: Hatch seal leak
Cápsula tripulada: Micrometeoroid or seal wear raises leak rate beyond scrubber capacity.
Cápsula tripulada: Touchscreen fault
Cápsula tripulada: Crew must fall back to hard switches for critical abort commands.
Materiais
Cápsula tripulada: Avcoat / PICA ablator
Cápsula tripulada: Char-forming material sheds heat flux during peak heating.
Cápsula tripulada: Ti pressure shell
Cápsula tripulada: Machined rings and welded domes meet crew module pressure loads.
Cápsula tripulada: Nomex harness webbing
Cápsula tripulada: Crew restraint straps meet dynamic landing load cases.
Cápsula tripulada: LiOH CO2 scrubber
Cápsula tripulada: Consumable canisters remove carbon dioxide in closed-loop life support.